diff options
-rw-r--r-- | CosmicCalendar.hs | 935 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | CosmicCalendarEvents.hs | 930 | ||||
-rwxr-xr-x | countdown.hs | 13 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | package.yaml | 2 |
4 files changed, 946 insertions, 934 deletions
diff --git a/CosmicCalendar.hs b/CosmicCalendar.hs index 5e7ef4a..bab94da 100644 --- a/CosmicCalendar.hs +++ b/CosmicCalendar.hs | |||
@@ -75,9 +75,6 @@ data CalendarEntry = CalendarEntry { | |||
75 | currentYear :: Integer | 75 | currentYear :: Integer |
76 | currentYear = unsafePerformIO $ getZonedTime <&> toGregorian . localDay . zonedTimeToLocalTime <&> view _1 | 76 | currentYear = unsafePerformIO $ getZonedTime <&> toGregorian . localDay . zonedTimeToLocalTime <&> view _1 |
77 | 77 | ||
78 | theCalendar :: Map NominalDiffTime CalendarEntry | ||
79 | theCalendar = Map.fromList $ map (\x -> (calBeginTime x, x)) theCalendarList | ||
80 | |||
81 | years :: Rational -> NominalDiffTime | 78 | years :: Rational -> NominalDiffTime |
82 | years = (* lengthOfYear) . fromRational | 79 | years = (* lengthOfYear) . fromRational |
83 | 80 | ||
@@ -115,14 +112,16 @@ yearStart (LocalTime d _) = LocalTime d' t' | |||
115 | localTimeToYearElapsed :: LocalTime -> NominalDiffTime | 112 | localTimeToYearElapsed :: LocalTime -> NominalDiffTime |
116 | localTimeToYearElapsed t = t `diffLocalTime` yearStart t | 113 | localTimeToYearElapsed t = t `diffLocalTime` yearStart t |
117 | 114 | ||
118 | getPreviousCalendarEntry :: LocalTime -> Maybe CalendarEntry | 115 | getPreviousCalendarEntry :: Calendar -> LocalTime -> Maybe CalendarEntry |
119 | getPreviousCalendarEntry (localTimeToYearElapsed -> t) = snd <$> Map.lookupLT t theCalendar | 116 | getPreviousCalendarEntry cal (localTimeToYearElapsed -> t) = snd <$> Map.lookupLT t cal |
117 | |||
118 | getCurrentCalendarEntry :: Calendar -> LocalTime -> Maybe CalendarEntry | ||
119 | getCurrentCalendarEntry cal (localTimeToYearElapsed -> t) = snd <$> Map.lookupLE t cal | ||
120 | 120 | ||
121 | getCurrentCalendarEntry :: LocalTime -> Maybe CalendarEntry | 121 | type Calendar = Map NominalDiffTime CalendarEntry |
122 | getCurrentCalendarEntry (localTimeToYearElapsed -> t) = snd <$> Map.lookupLE t theCalendar | ||
123 | 122 | ||
124 | getNextCalendarEntry :: LocalTime -> Maybe CalendarEntry | 123 | getNextCalendarEntry :: Calendar -> LocalTime -> Maybe CalendarEntry |
125 | getNextCalendarEntry (localTimeToYearElapsed -> t) = snd <$> Map.lookupGT t theCalendar | 124 | getNextCalendarEntry cal (localTimeToYearElapsed -> t) = snd <$> Map.lookupGT t cal |
126 | 125 | ||
127 | unwrap :: CalendarEntry -> CalendarEntry | 126 | unwrap :: CalendarEntry -> CalendarEntry |
128 | unwrap x@CalendarEntry{..} = x { calDescription = unwrapText calDescription } | 127 | unwrap x@CalendarEntry{..} = x { calDescription = unwrapText calDescription } |
@@ -136,921 +135,3 @@ unwrap x@CalendarEntry{..} = x { calDescription = unwrapText calDescription } | |||
136 | shouldMerge "" _ = False | 135 | shouldMerge "" _ = False |
137 | shouldMerge _ "" = False | 136 | shouldMerge _ "" = False |
138 | shouldMerge _ _ = True | 137 | shouldMerge _ _ = True |
139 | |||
140 | theCalendarList :: [CalendarEntry] | ||
141 | theCalendarList = map unwrap | ||
142 | [ | ||
143 | CalendarEntry 0 Nothing "The Big Bang" "The universe begins" "" "", | ||
144 | CalendarEntry (370 & thousandYears & afterBigBang) | ||
145 | Nothing | ||
146 | "Recombination" | ||
147 | "The universe becomes transparent" | ||
148 | recombinationDescription | ||
149 | recombinationReferences, | ||
150 | CalendarEntry (13.4 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
151 | "The first observed star" | ||
152 | "" | ||
153 | "First Light Viewed Through the Rich Cluster Abell 2218" | ||
154 | "https://sites.astro.caltech.edu/~rse/firstlight/", | ||
155 | CalendarEntry (4.6 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
156 | "Formation of the Sun" | ||
157 | "The formation of the solar system begins" | ||
158 | [text| | ||
159 | The formation of the Solar System began about 4.6 billion years ago with the | ||
160 | gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud.[1] Most | ||
161 | of the collapsing mass collected in the center, forming the Sun, while the | ||
162 | rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk out of which the planets, moons, | ||
163 | asteroids, and other small Solar System bodies formed. | ||
164 | |] | ||
165 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System", | ||
166 | CalendarEntry (4.54 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
167 | "Formation of Earth" | ||
168 | "" | ||
169 | earthDescription | ||
170 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Earth#Solar_System_formation", | ||
171 | |||
172 | CalendarEntry (2.6 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
173 | "First Stone Tools" | ||
174 | "Mode I: The Oldowan Industry" | ||
175 | [text| | ||
176 | (Stones with sharp edges.) | ||
177 | |||
178 | The earliest known Oldowan tools yet found date from 2.6 million years ago, | ||
179 | during the Lower Palaeolithic period, and have been uncovered at Gona in | ||
180 | Ethiopia.[16] After this date, the Oldowan Industry subsequently spread | ||
181 | throughout much of Africa, although archaeologists are currently unsure | ||
182 | which Hominan species first developed them, with some speculating that it | ||
183 | was Australopithecus garhi, and others believing that it was in fact Homo | ||
184 | habilis.[17] | ||
185 | |||
186 | Homo habilis was the hominin who used the tools for most of the Oldowan in | ||
187 | Africa, but at about 1.9-1.8 million years ago Homo erectus inherited them. | ||
188 | The Industry flourished in southern and eastern Africa between 2.6 and 1.7 | ||
189 | million years ago, but was also spread out of Africa and into Eurasia by | ||
190 | travelling bands of H. erectus, who took it as far east as Java by 1.8 | ||
191 | million years ago and Northern China by 1.6 million years ago. | ||
192 | |] | ||
193 | "", | ||
194 | |||
195 | CalendarEntry (1.8 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
196 | "First major transition in stone tool technology" | ||
197 | "Mode II: The Acheulean Industry" | ||
198 | [text| | ||
199 | From the Konso Formation of Ethiopia, Acheulean hand-axes are dated to about | ||
200 | 1.5 million years ago using radiometric dating of deposits containing | ||
201 | volcanic ashes.[6] Acheulean tools in South Asia have also been found to be | ||
202 | dated as far as 1.5 million years ago.[7] However, the earliest accepted | ||
203 | examples of the Acheulean currently known come from the West Turkana region | ||
204 | of Kenya and were first described by a French-led archaeology team.[8] These | ||
205 | particular Acheulean tools were recently dated through the method of | ||
206 | magnetostratigraphy to about 1.76 million years ago, making them the oldest | ||
207 | not only in Africa but the world.[9] The earliest user of Acheulean tools | ||
208 | was Homo ergaster, who first appeared about 1.8 million years ago. Not all | ||
209 | researchers use this formal name, and instead prefer to call these users | ||
210 | early Homo erectus.[3] | ||
211 | |] | ||
212 | "", | ||
213 | |||
214 | CalendarEntry (160 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
215 | "Second major transition in stone tool technology" | ||
216 | "Mode III: The Levallois technique; The Mousterian Industry" | ||
217 | [text| | ||
218 | (Stone scrapers, knives, and projectile points) | ||
219 | |||
220 | The technique is first found in the Lower Palaeolithic but is most commonly | ||
221 | associated with the Neanderthal Mousterian industries of the Middle | ||
222 | Palaeolithic. In the Levant, the Levallois technique was also used by | ||
223 | anatomically modern humans during the Middle Stone Age. In North Africa, the | ||
224 | Levallois technique was used in the Middle Stone Age, most notably in the | ||
225 | Aterian industry to produce very small projectile points. While Levallois | ||
226 | cores do display some variability in their platforms, their flake production | ||
227 | surfaces show remarkable uniformity. As the Levallois technique is | ||
228 | counterintuitive, teaching the process is necessary and thus language is a | ||
229 | prerequisite for such technology.[2] | ||
230 | |||
231 | The Mousterian (or Mode III) is a techno-complex (archaeological industry) | ||
232 | of stone tools, associated primarily with the Neanderthals in Europe, and to | ||
233 | a lesser extent the earliest anatomically modern humans in North Africa and | ||
234 | West Asia. The Mousterian largely defines the latter part of the Middle | ||
235 | Paleolithic, the middle of the West Eurasian Old Stone Age. It lasted | ||
236 | roughly from 160,000 to 40,000 BP. If its predecessor, known as Levallois or | ||
237 | Levallois-Mousterian, is included, the range is extended to as early as c. | ||
238 | 300,000–200,000 BP.[2] The main following period is the Aurignacian (c. | ||
239 | 43,000–28,000 BP) of Homo sapiens. | ||
240 | |] | ||
241 | "", | ||
242 | |||
243 | CalendarEntry (115 & thousandYearsAgo) (Just $ 11.7 & thousandYearsAgo) | ||
244 | "The Ice Age begins" | ||
245 | "The Last Glacial Period" | ||
246 | [text| | ||
247 | The Last Glacial Period (LGP), also known colloquially as the last ice age | ||
248 | or simply ice age,[1] occurred from the end of the Eemian to the end of the | ||
249 | Younger Dryas, encompassing the period c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 years ago. The | ||
250 | LGP is part of a larger sequence of glacial and interglacial periods known | ||
251 | as the Quaternary glaciation which started around 2,588,000 years ago and is | ||
252 | ongoing.[2] The definition of the Quaternary as beginning 2.58 million years | ||
253 | ago (Mya) is based on the formation of the Arctic ice cap. The Antarctic ice | ||
254 | sheet began to form earlier, at about 34 Mya, in the mid-Cenozoic | ||
255 | (Eocene–Oligocene extinction event). The term Late Cenozoic Ice Age is used | ||
256 | to include this early phase.[3] | ||
257 | |] | ||
258 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period", | ||
259 | |||
260 | CalendarEntry (50 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
261 | "Third major transition in stone tool technology" | ||
262 | "Mode IV: The Aurignacian Industry" | ||
263 | [text| | ||
264 | The widespread use of long blades (rather than flakes) of the Upper | ||
265 | Palaeolithic Mode 4 industries appeared during the Upper Palaeolithic | ||
266 | between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago, although blades were produced in small | ||
267 | quantities much earlier by Neanderthals.[20] The Aurignacian culture seems | ||
268 | to have been the first to rely largely on blades.[21] The use of blades | ||
269 | exponentially increases the efficiency of core usage compared to the | ||
270 | Levallois flake technique, which had a similar advantage over Acheulean | ||
271 | technology which was worked from cores. | ||
272 | |] | ||
273 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool#Mode_IV:_The_Aurignacian_Industry", | ||
274 | |||
275 | CalendarEntry (35 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
276 | "Last major transition in stone tool technology" | ||
277 | "Mode V: The Microlithic Industries" | ||
278 | [text| | ||
279 | Mode 5 stone tools involve the production of microliths, which were | ||
280 | used in composite tools, mainly fastened to a shaft.[22] Examples include | ||
281 | the Magdalenian culture. Such a technology makes much more efficient use of | ||
282 | available materials like flint, although required greater skill in | ||
283 | manufacturing the small flakes. Mounting sharp flint edges in a wood or bone | ||
284 | handle is the key innovation in microliths, essentially because the handle | ||
285 | gives the user protection against the flint and also improves leverage of | ||
286 | the device. | ||
287 | |] | ||
288 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool#Mode_V:_The_Microlithic_Industries" | ||
289 | , | ||
290 | |||
291 | CalendarEntry (12 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
292 | "Agriculture leads to permanent settlements" | ||
293 | "Neolithic age (\"new stone age\")" | ||
294 | [text| | ||
295 | Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago.[2] | ||
296 | However, domestication did not occur until much later. The earliest evidence | ||
297 | of small-scale cultivation of edible grasses is from around 21,000 BC with | ||
298 | the Ohalo II people on the shores of the Sea of Galilee.[3] By around 9500 | ||
299 | BC, the eight Neolithic founder crops – emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, hulled | ||
300 | barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chickpeas, and flax – were cultivated | ||
301 | in the Levant.[4] Rye may have been cultivated earlier, but this claim | ||
302 | remains controversial.[5] Rice was domesticated in China by 6200 BC[6] with | ||
303 | earliest known cultivation from 5700 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki | ||
304 | beans. Rice was also independently domesticated in West Africa and | ||
305 | cultivated by 1000 BC.[7][8] Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around | ||
306 | 11,000 years ago, followed by sheep. Cattle were domesticated from the wild | ||
307 | aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and India around 8500 BC. Camels were | ||
308 | domesticated late, perhaps around 3000 BC. | ||
309 | |] | ||
310 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture", | ||
311 | |||
312 | CalendarEntry (6.5 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
313 | "First copper tools" | ||
314 | "" | ||
315 | "" | ||
316 | "", | ||
317 | |||
318 | CalendarEntry (5.3 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
319 | "First bronze tools, first written language" | ||
320 | "The Bronze Age" | ||
321 | "" | ||
322 | "", | ||
323 | |||
324 | CalendarEntry (3000 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) (Just $ 2350 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) | ||
325 | "Corded Ware culture" | ||
326 | "Indo-European languages spread across Europe and Asia" | ||
327 | [text| | ||
328 | The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe | ||
329 | between ca. 3000 BCE – 2350 BCE, thus from the late Neolithic, through the | ||
330 | Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age.[2] Corded Ware culture | ||
331 | encompassed a vast area, from the contact zone between the Yamnaya culture | ||
332 | and the Corded Ware culture in south Central Europe, to the Rhine on the | ||
333 | west and the Volga in the east, occupying parts of Northern Europe, Central | ||
334 | Europe and Eastern Europe.[2][3] The Corded Ware culture is thought to have | ||
335 | originated from the westward migration of Yamnaya-related people from the | ||
336 | steppe-forest zone into the territory of late Neolithic European cultures | ||
337 | such as the Globular Amphora and Funnelbeaker cultures,[4][5][6] and is | ||
338 | considered to be a likely vector for the spread of many of the Indo-European | ||
339 | languages in Europe and Asia.[1][7][8][9] | ||
340 | |||
341 | Corded Ware encompassed most of continental northern Europe from the Rhine | ||
342 | on the west to the Volga in the east, including most of modern-day Germany, | ||
343 | the Netherlands, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Czech | ||
344 | Republic, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Switzerland, northwestern Romania, | ||
345 | northern Ukraine, and the European part of Russia, as well as coastal Norway | ||
346 | and the southern portions of Sweden and Finland.[2] In the Late | ||
347 | Eneolithic/Early Bronze Age, it encompassed the territory of nearly the | ||
348 | entire Balkan Peninsula, where Corded Ware mixed with other steppe | ||
349 | elements.[11] | ||
350 | |||
351 | Archaeologists note that Corded Ware was not a "unified culture," as Corded | ||
352 | Ware groups inhabiting a vast geographical area from the Rhine to Volga seem | ||
353 | to have regionally specific subsistence strategies and economies.[2]: 226 | ||
354 | There are differences in the material culture and in settlements and | ||
355 | society.[2] At the same time, they had several shared elements that are | ||
356 | characteristic of all Corded Ware groups, such as their burial practices, | ||
357 | pottery with "cord" decoration and unique stone-axes.[2] | ||
358 | |] | ||
359 | "", | ||
360 | |||
361 | CalendarEntry (2800 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) (Just $ 1800 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) | ||
362 | "Bell Beaker culture" | ||
363 | [text| | ||
364 | copper daggers, v-perforated buttons, stone wrist-guards | ||
365 | copper, bronze, and gold working | ||
366 | long-distance exchange networks, archery | ||
367 | social stratification and the emergence of regional elites | ||
368 | |] | ||
369 | [text| | ||
370 | The Bell Beaker culture (also described as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell | ||
371 | Beaker phenomenon) is an archaeological culture named after the | ||
372 | inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the | ||
373 | European Bronze Age. Arising from around 2800 BC, it lasted in Britain until | ||
374 | as late as 1800 BC[1][2] but in continental Europe only until 2300 BC, when | ||
375 | it was succeeded by the Unetice culture. The culture was widely dispersed | ||
376 | throughout Western Europe, being present in many regions of Iberia and | ||
377 | stretching eastward to the Danubian plains, and northward to the islands of | ||
378 | Great Britain and Ireland, and was also present in the islands of Sicily and | ||
379 | Sardinia and some small coastal areas in north-western Africa. The Bell | ||
380 | Beaker phenomenon shows substantial regional variation, and a study[3] from | ||
381 | 2018 found that it was associated with genetically diverse populations. | ||
382 | |||
383 | In its mature phase, the Bell Beaker culture is understood as not only a | ||
384 | collection of characteristic artefact types, but a complex cultural | ||
385 | phenomenon involving metalwork in copper and gold, long-distance exchange | ||
386 | networks, archery, specific types of ornamentation, and (presumably) shared | ||
387 | ideological, cultural and religious ideas, as well as social stratification | ||
388 | and the emergence of regional elites.[6][7] A wide range of regional | ||
389 | diversity persists within the widespread late Beaker culture, particularly | ||
390 | in local burial styles (including incidences of cremation rather than | ||
391 | burial), housing styles, economic profile, and local ceramic wares | ||
392 | (Begleitkeramik). Nonetheless, according to Lemercier (2018) the mature | ||
393 | phase of the Beaker culture represents "the appearance of a kind of Bell | ||
394 | Beaker civilization of continental scale."[8] | ||
395 | |||
396 | Bell Beaker people took advantage of transport by sea and rivers, creating a | ||
397 | cultural spread extending from Ireland to the Carpathian Basin and south | ||
398 | along the Atlantic coast and along the Rhône valley to Portugal, North | ||
399 | Africa, and Sicily, even penetrating northern and central Italy.[50] Its | ||
400 | remains have been found in what is now Portugal, Spain, France (excluding | ||
401 | the central massif), Ireland and Great Britain, the Low Countries and | ||
402 | Germany between the Elbe and Rhine, with an extension along the upper Danube | ||
403 | into the Vienna Basin (Austria), Hungary and the Czech Republic, with | ||
404 | Mediterranean outposts on Sardinia and Sicily; there is less certain | ||
405 | evidence for direct penetration in the east. | ||
406 | |] | ||
407 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture", | ||
408 | |||
409 | CalendarEntry (11.7 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
410 | "Ice Age ends" | ||
411 | "" | ||
412 | "" | ||
413 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period", | ||
414 | |||
415 | CalendarEntry (1600 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) Nothing | ||
416 | "Dynastic China" | ||
417 | "History begins" | ||
418 | [text| | ||
419 | The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as | ||
420 | early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC), during the king | ||
421 | Wu Ding's reign | ||
422 | |||
423 | The state-sponsored Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project dated them from c. | ||
424 | 1600 to 1046 BC based on the carbon 14 dates of the Erligang site. | ||
425 | |] | ||
426 | "", | ||
427 | |||
428 | CalendarEntry (theYear 1492) Nothing | ||
429 | "Columbus arrives in America" | ||
430 | "" | ||
431 | "" | ||
432 | "", | ||
433 | |||
434 | CalendarEntry (theYear 570) Nothing | ||
435 | "Muhammad born" | ||
436 | "" | ||
437 | "" | ||
438 | "", | ||
439 | |||
440 | CalendarEntry (480 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) Nothing | ||
441 | "Old Testament, Buddha" | ||
442 | "" | ||
443 | "" | ||
444 | "", | ||
445 | |||
446 | CalendarEntry (8.8 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
447 | "Thin disk of the Milky Way Galaxy" | ||
448 | "Our galaxy begins to form" | ||
449 | [text| | ||
450 | The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using | ||
451 | nucleocosmochronology. Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate | ||
452 | that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago. These measurements | ||
453 | suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation | ||
454 | of the galactic halo and the thin disk.[253] Recent analysis of the chemical | ||
455 | signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have | ||
456 | dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation, 10 to 8 | ||
457 | billion years ago, when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at | ||
458 | the same rate as before.[254] | ||
459 | |] | ||
460 | "", | ||
461 | |||
462 | CalendarEntry (3.4 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
463 | "First photosynthetic bacteria" | ||
464 | "(Still no Oxygen)" | ||
465 | [text| | ||
466 | They absorbed near-infrared rather than visible light and produced sulfur or | ||
467 | sulfate compounds rather than oxygen. Their pigments (possibly | ||
468 | bacteriochlorophylls) were predecessors to chlorophyll. | ||
469 | |] | ||
470 | "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", | ||
471 | |||
472 | CalendarEntry (2.7 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
473 | "Oxygen from photosynthesis" | ||
474 | "Cyanobacteria" | ||
475 | [text| | ||
476 | These ubiquitous bacteria were the first oxygen producers. They absorb | ||
477 | visible light using a mix of pigments: phycobilins, carotenoids and several | ||
478 | forms of chlorophyll. | ||
479 | |] | ||
480 | "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", | ||
481 | |||
482 | CalendarEntry (1.2 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
483 | "Red and brown algae" | ||
484 | "" | ||
485 | [text| | ||
486 | These organisms have more complex cellular structures than bacteria do. Like | ||
487 | cyanobacteria, they contain phycobilin pigments as well as various forms of | ||
488 | chlorophyll. | ||
489 | |] | ||
490 | "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", | ||
491 | |||
492 | CalendarEntry (0.75 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
493 | "Green algae" | ||
494 | "" | ||
495 | [text| | ||
496 | Green algae do better than red and brown algae in the strong light of | ||
497 | shallow water. They make do without phycobilins. | ||
498 | |] | ||
499 | "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", | ||
500 | |||
501 | CalendarEntry (0.475 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
502 | "First land plants" | ||
503 | "" | ||
504 | [text| | ||
505 | Mosses and liverworts descended from green algae. Lacking vascular structure | ||
506 | (stems and roots) to pull water from the soil, they are unable to grow | ||
507 | tall. | ||
508 | |] | ||
509 | "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", | ||
510 | |||
511 | CalendarEntry (0.423 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
512 | "Vascular plants" | ||
513 | "" | ||
514 | [text| | ||
515 | These are literally garden-variety plants, such as ferns, grasses, trees and | ||
516 | cacti. They are able to grow tall canopies to capture more light. | ||
517 | |] | ||
518 | "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", | ||
519 | |||
520 | CalendarEntry (2.05 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
521 | "Eukaryotic cells" | ||
522 | "Cells with nucleus (inner membrane holding DNA)" | ||
523 | [text| | ||
524 | Eukaryotes (/juːˈkærioʊts, -əts/) are organisms whose cells have a nucleus | ||
525 | enclosed within a nuclear envelope.[1][2][3] They belong to the group of | ||
526 | organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya; their name comes from the Greek εὖ (eu, | ||
527 | "well" or "good") and κάρυον (karyon, "nut" or "kernel").[4] The domain | ||
528 | Eukaryota makes up one of the three domains of life; bacteria and archaea | ||
529 | (both prokaryotes) make up the other two domains.[5][6] The eukaryotes are | ||
530 | usually now regarded as having emerged in the Archaea or as a sister of the | ||
531 | Asgard archaea.[7][8] This implies that there are only two domains of life, | ||
532 | Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among archaea.[9][10] | ||
533 | Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms;[11] | ||
534 | however, due to their generally much larger size, their collective global | ||
535 | biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes.[11] | ||
536 | Eukaryotes emerged approximately 2.3–1.8 billion years ago, during the | ||
537 | Proterozoic eon, likely as flagellated phagotrophs.[12][13] | ||
538 | |] | ||
539 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote", | ||
540 | |||
541 | CalendarEntry (3.77 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
542 | "Life on Earth" | ||
543 | "" | ||
544 | [text| | ||
545 | The earliest time for the origin of life on Earth is at least 3.77 billion | ||
546 | years ago, possibly as early as 4.28 billion years,[2] or even 4.41 billion | ||
547 | years[4][5]—not long after the oceans formed 4.5 billion years ago, and | ||
548 | after the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years ago.[2][3][6][7] | ||
549 | |] | ||
550 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms", | ||
551 | |||
552 | CalendarEntry (3.42 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
553 | "Earliest known life on Earth" | ||
554 | "" | ||
555 | [text| | ||
556 | The earliest known life forms on Earth are putative fossilized | ||
557 | microorganisms found in hydrothermal vent precipitates, considered to be | ||
558 | about 3.42 billion years old.[1][2] The earliest time for the origin of life | ||
559 | on Earth is at least 3.77 billion years ago, possibly as early as 4.28 | ||
560 | billion years,[2] or even 4.41 billion years[4][5]—not long after the oceans | ||
561 | formed 4.5 billion years ago, and after the formation of the Earth 4.54 | ||
562 | billion years ago.[2][3][6][7] The earliest direct evidence of life on Earth | ||
563 | is from microfossils of microorganisms permineralized in | ||
564 | 3.465-billion-year-old Australian Apex chert rocks.[8][9] | ||
565 | |] | ||
566 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms", | ||
567 | |||
568 | CalendarEntry (750 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
569 | "Bones and shells" | ||
570 | "" | ||
571 | [text| | ||
572 | A series of spectacularly preserved, 750-million-year-old fossils represent | ||
573 | the microscopic origins of biomineralization, or the ability to convert | ||
574 | minerals into hard, physical structures. This process is what makes bones, | ||
575 | shells, teeth and hair possible, literally shaping the animal kingdom and | ||
576 | even Earth itself. | ||
577 | |||
578 | The fossils were pried from ancient rock formations in Canada's Yukon by | ||
579 | earth scientists Francis Macdonald and Phoebe Cohen of Harvard University. | ||
580 | In a June Geology paper, they describe their findings as providing "a unique | ||
581 | window into the diversity of early eukaryotes." | ||
582 | |||
583 | Using molecular clocks and genetic trees to reverse-engineer evolutionary | ||
584 | histories, previous research placed the beginning of biomineralization at | ||
585 | about 750 million years ago. Around that time, the fossil record gets | ||
586 | suggestive, turning up vase-shaped amoebas with something like scales in | ||
587 | their cell walls, algae with cell walls possibly made from calcium carbonate | ||
588 | and sponge-like creatures with seemingly mineralized bodies. | ||
589 | |] | ||
590 | "https://www.wired.com/2011/06/first-shells/", | ||
591 | |||
592 | CalendarEntry (440 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
593 | "Fish with jaws" | ||
594 | "" | ||
595 | [text| | ||
596 | Prehistoric armoured fishes called placoderms were the first fishes to have | ||
597 | jaws. They arose some time in the Silurian Period, about 440 million years | ||
598 | ago, to become the most abundant and diverse fishes of their day. | ||
599 | |||
600 | Placoderms dominated the oceans, rivers and lakes for some 80 million years, | ||
601 | before their sudden extinction around 359 million years ago. This is possibly | ||
602 | due to the depletion of trace elements in our oceans. | ||
603 | |] | ||
604 | "", | ||
605 | |||
606 | CalendarEntry (518 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
607 | "Vertebrates" | ||
608 | "Animals with backbones" | ||
609 | [text| | ||
610 | Vertebrates (/ˈvɜːrtəbrɪts, -ˌbreɪts/)[3] comprise all animal taxa within | ||
611 | the subphylum Vertebrata (/ˌvɜːrtəˈbreɪtə/)[4] (chordates with backbones), | ||
612 | including all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates | ||
613 | represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently | ||
614 | about 69,963 species described.[5] | ||
615 | |] | ||
616 | "", | ||
617 | |||
618 | CalendarEntry (385 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
619 | "Insects" | ||
620 | "" | ||
621 | [text| | ||
622 | Comprising up to 10 million living species, insects today can be found on | ||
623 | all seven continents and inhabit every terrestrial niche imaginable. But | ||
624 | according to the fossil record, they were scarce before about 325 million | ||
625 | years ago, outnumbered by their arthropod cousins the arachnids (spiders, | ||
626 | scorpions and mites) and myriapods (centipedes and millipedes). | ||
627 | |||
628 | The oldest confirmed insect fossil is that of a wingless, silverfish-like | ||
629 | creature that lived about 385 million years ago. It’s not until about 60 | ||
630 | million years later, during a period of the Earth’s history known as the | ||
631 | Pennsylvanian, that insect fossils become abundant. | ||
632 | |] | ||
633 | "https://earth.stanford.edu/news/insects-took-when-they-evolved-wings", | ||
634 | |||
635 | CalendarEntry (368 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
636 | "Amphibians" | ||
637 | "" | ||
638 | [text| | ||
639 | The earliest well-known amphibian, Ichthyostega, was found in Late Devonian | ||
640 | deposits in Greenland, dating back about 363 million years. The earliest | ||
641 | amphibian discovered to date is Elginerpeton, found in Late Devonian rocks | ||
642 | of Scotland dating to approximately 368 million years ago. The later | ||
643 | Paleozoic saw a great diversity of amphibians, ranging from small legless | ||
644 | swimming forms (Aistopoda) to bizarre "horned" forms (Nectridea). Other | ||
645 | Paleozoic amphibians more or less resembled salamanders outwardly but | ||
646 | differed in details of skeletal structure. Exactly how to classify these | ||
647 | fossils, and how they might be related to living amphibians, is still | ||
648 | debated by paleontologists. Shown at the right is Phlegethontia, an aistopod | ||
649 | from the Pennsylvanian. | ||
650 | |||
651 | The familiar frogs, toads, and salamanders have been present since at least | ||
652 | the Jurassic Period. (The fossil frog pictured to the left is much younger, | ||
653 | coming from the Eocene, only 45 to 55 million years ago). Fossil caecilians | ||
654 | are very rare; until recently the oldest known caecilians were Cenozoic in | ||
655 | age (that is, less than 65 million years old), but recent finds have pushed | ||
656 | back the ancestry of the legless caecilians to Jurassic ancestors that had | ||
657 | short legs. The rarity of fossil caecilians is probably due to their | ||
658 | burrowing habitat and reduced skeleton, both of which lessen the chances of | ||
659 | preservation. | ||
660 | |] | ||
661 | "https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibfr.html", | ||
662 | |||
663 | CalendarEntry (320 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
664 | "Reptiles" | ||
665 | "" | ||
666 | [text| | ||
667 | Reptiles, in the traditional sense of the term, are defined as animals that | ||
668 | have scales or scutes, lay land-based hard-shelled eggs, and possess | ||
669 | ectothermic metabolisms. | ||
670 | |||
671 | Though few reptiles today are apex predators, many examples of apex reptiles | ||
672 | have existed in the past. Reptiles have an extremely diverse evolutionary | ||
673 | history that has led to biological successes, such as dinosaurs, pterosaurs, | ||
674 | plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, and ichthyosaurs. | ||
675 | |] | ||
676 | [text| | ||
677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_reptiles | ||
678 | https://www.thoughtco.com/the-first-reptiles-1093767 | ||
679 | |], | ||
680 | |||
681 | CalendarEntry (335 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
682 | "Pangea forms" | ||
683 | "" | ||
684 | [text| | ||
685 | Pangaea or Pangea (/pænˈdʒiː.ə/)[1] was a supercontinent that existed during | ||
686 | the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.[2] It assembled from the earlier | ||
687 | continental units of Gondwana, Euramerica and Siberia during the | ||
688 | Carboniferous approximately 335 million years ago, and began to break apart | ||
689 | about 200 million years ago, at the end of the Triassic and beginning of the | ||
690 | Jurassic.[3] In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of | ||
691 | continental mass, Pangaea was centred on the Equator and surrounded by the | ||
692 | superocean Panthalassa and the Paleo-Tethys and subsequent Tethys Oceans. | ||
693 | Pangaea is the most recent supercontinent to have existed and the first to | ||
694 | be reconstructed by geologists. | ||
695 | |] | ||
696 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea", | ||
697 | |||
698 | CalendarEntry (243 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
699 | "Dinosaurs" | ||
700 | "" | ||
701 | [text| | ||
702 | For the past twenty years, Eoraptor has represented the beginning of the Age | ||
703 | of Dinosaurs. This controversial little creature–found in the roughly | ||
704 | 231-million-year-old rock of Argentina–has often been cited as the earliest | ||
705 | known dinosaur. But Eoraptor has either just been stripped of that title, or | ||
706 | soon will be. A newly-described fossil found decades ago in Tanzania extends | ||
707 | the dawn of the dinosaurs more than 10 million years further back in time. | ||
708 | |||
709 | Named Nyasasaurus parringtoni, the roughly 243-million-year-old fossils | ||
710 | represent either the oldest known dinosaur or the closest known relative to | ||
711 | the earliest dinosaurs. The find was announced by University of Washington | ||
712 | paleontologist Sterling Nesbitt and colleagues in Biology Letters, and I | ||
713 | wrote a short news item about the discovery for Nature News. The paper | ||
714 | presents a significant find that is also a tribute to the work of Alan | ||
715 | Charig–who studied and named the animal, but never formally published a | ||
716 | description–but it isn’t just that. The recognition of Nyasasaurus right | ||
717 | near the base of the dinosaur family tree adds to a growing body of evidence | ||
718 | that the ancestors of dinosaurs proliferated in the wake of a catastrophic | ||
719 | mass extinction. | ||
720 | |] | ||
721 | [text| | ||
722 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/scientists-discover-oldest-known-dinosaur-152807497/ | ||
723 | |], | ||
724 | |||
725 | CalendarEntry (210 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
726 | "Mammals" | ||
727 | "" | ||
728 | [text| | ||
729 | The earliest known mammals were the morganucodontids, tiny shrew-size | ||
730 | creatures that lived in the shadows of the dinosaurs 210 million years ago. | ||
731 | They were one of several different mammal lineages that emerged around that | ||
732 | time. All living mammals today, including us, descend from the one line that | ||
733 | survived. | ||
734 | |] | ||
735 | "https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/rise-mammals", | ||
736 | |||
737 | CalendarEntry (150 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
738 | "Birds" | ||
739 | "" | ||
740 | [text| | ||
741 | The first birds had sharp teeth, long bony tails and claws on their hands. | ||
742 | The clear distinction we see between living birds and other animals did not | ||
743 | exist with early birds. The first birds were in fact more like small | ||
744 | dinosaurs than they were like any bird today. | ||
745 | |||
746 | The earliest known (from fossils) bird is the 150-million-year-old | ||
747 | Archaeopteryx, but birds had evolved before then. A range of birds with more | ||
748 | advanced features appeared soon after Archaeopteryx. One group gave rise to | ||
749 | modern birds in the Late Cretaceous. | ||
750 | |] | ||
751 | "https://australian.museum/learn/dinosaurs/the-first-birds/", | ||
752 | |||
753 | CalendarEntry (130 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
754 | "Flowers" | ||
755 | "" | ||
756 | [text| | ||
757 | Today, plants with flowers--called angiosperms--dominate the landscape. | ||
758 | Around 80 percent of green plants alive today, from oak trees to grass, are | ||
759 | flowering plants. In all of these plants, flowers are part of the | ||
760 | reproductive system. But 130 million years ago, flowering plants were rare. | ||
761 | Most plants reproduced with spores, found today on ferns, or with seeds and | ||
762 | cones, found today on pine trees. The plant fossils found in Liaoning, | ||
763 | China, show evidence of plants with spores or seeds--and perhaps one of the | ||
764 | first flowering plants. | ||
765 | |||
766 | Researchers have found an ancient plant in Liaoning, Archaefructus, that has | ||
767 | very small, simple flowers and could be one of the first flowering plants. | ||
768 | Archaefructus lived around 130 million years ago and probably grew in or | ||
769 | near the water. | ||
770 | |] | ||
771 | "https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/dinosaurs-ancient-fossils/liaoning-diorama/when-flowers-first-bloomed", | ||
772 | |||
773 | CalendarEntry (85 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
774 | "Tyranosaurids" | ||
775 | "The Tyrant Lizards" | ||
776 | [text| | ||
777 | The name says it all. This group of huge carnivores must have tyrannically | ||
778 | ruled the land during the last part of the Cretaceous, 85 to 65 million | ||
779 | years ago. Short but deep jaws with banana-sized sharp teeth, long hind | ||
780 | limbs, small beady eyes, and tiny forelimbs (arms) typify a tyrannosaur. The | ||
781 | Tyrannosauridae included such similar animals (in rough order of increasing | ||
782 | size) as Albertosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Daspletosaurus, Tarbosaurus, and of | ||
783 | course Tyrannosaurus rex. | ||
784 | |||
785 | T. rex was one of the largest terrestrial carnivores of all time. It stood | ||
786 | approximately 15 feet high and was about 40 feet in length, roughly six tons | ||
787 | in weight. In its large mouth were six-inch long, sharp, serrated teeth. | ||
788 | |||
789 | Just about two dozen good specimens of these animals have been found and | ||
790 | these finds are from highly restricted areas in western North America. Henry | ||
791 | Fairfield Osborn, of the American Museum of Natural History in New York | ||
792 | City, first described Tyrannosaurus rex in 1905. This first specimen of | ||
793 | Tyrannosaurus is now on display at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in | ||
794 | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. | ||
795 | |] | ||
796 | "", | ||
797 | |||
798 | CalendarEntry (445 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
799 | "The first mass extinction" | ||
800 | "Fluctuating sea levels cause mass die-off of marine invertebrates" | ||
801 | [text| | ||
802 | The earliest known mass extinction, the Ordovician Extinction, took place at | ||
803 | a time when most of the life on Earth lived in its seas. Its major | ||
804 | casualties were marine invertebrates including brachiopods, trilobites, | ||
805 | bivalves and corals; many species from each of these groups went extinct | ||
806 | during this time. The cause of this extinction? It’s thought that the main | ||
807 | catalyst was the movement of the supercontinent Gondwana into Earth’s | ||
808 | southern hemisphere, which caused sea levels to rise and fall repeatedly | ||
809 | over a period of millions of years, eliminating habitats and species. The | ||
810 | onset of a late Ordovician ice age and changes in water chemistry may also | ||
811 | have been factors in this extinction. | ||
812 | |] | ||
813 | "https://www.amnh.org/shelf-life/six-extinctions", | ||
814 | |||
815 | CalendarEntry (370 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
816 | "Late Devonian Extinction" | ||
817 | "The Kellwasser Event and the Hangenberg Event combine to cause an enormous loss in biodiversity" | ||
818 | [text| | ||
819 | Given that it took place over a huge span of time—estimates range from | ||
820 | 500,000 to 25 million years—it isn’t possible to point to a single cause for | ||
821 | the Devonian extinction, though some suggest that the amazing spread of | ||
822 | plant life on land during this time may have changed the environment in ways | ||
823 | that made life harder, and eventually impossible, for the species that died | ||
824 | out. | ||
825 | |||
826 | The brunt of this extinction was borne by marine invertebrates. As in the | ||
827 | Ordovician Extinction, many species of corals, trilobites, and brachiopods | ||
828 | vanished. Corals in particular were so hard hit that they were nearly wiped | ||
829 | out, and didn’t recover until the Mesozoic Era, nearly 120 million years | ||
830 | later. Not all vertebrate species were spared, however; the early bony | ||
831 | fishes known as placoderms met their end in this extinction. | ||
832 | |] | ||
833 | "https://www.amnh.org/shelf-life/six-extinctions", | ||
834 | |||
835 | CalendarEntry (252 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
836 | "The Great Dying" | ||
837 | "Mass extinction kills more than 95 percent of marine species and 70 percent of land-dwelling vertebrates" | ||
838 | [text| | ||
839 | So many species were wiped out by this mass extinction it took more than 10 | ||
840 | million years to recover from the huge blow to global biodiversity. This | ||
841 | extinction is thought to be the result of a gradual change in climate, | ||
842 | followed by a sudden catastrophe. Causes including volcanic eruptions, | ||
843 | asteroid impacts, and a sudden release of greenhouse gasses from the | ||
844 | seafloor have been proposed, but the mechanism behind the Great Dying | ||
845 | remains a mystery. | ||
846 | |] | ||
847 | "https://www.amnh.org/shelf-life/six-extinctions", | ||
848 | |||
849 | CalendarEntry (201 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
850 | "Triassic-Jurassic Extinction" | ||
851 | "Death of more than a third of marine species and of most large amphibians" | ||
852 | [text| | ||
853 | This extinction occurred just a few millennia before the breakup of the | ||
854 | supercontinent of Pangaea. While its causes are not definitively | ||
855 | understood—researchers have suggested climate change, an asteroid impact, or | ||
856 | a spate of enormous volcanic eruptions as possible culprits—its effects are | ||
857 | indisputable. | ||
858 | |||
859 | More than a third of marine species vanished, as did most large amphibians | ||
860 | of the time, as well as many species related to crocodiles and dinosaurs. | ||
861 | |] | ||
862 | "https://www.amnh.org/shelf-life/six-extinctions", | ||
863 | |||
864 | CalendarEntry (66 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
865 | "Dinosaurs extinct" | ||
866 | "Mammals take over land & sea" | ||
867 | [text| | ||
868 | An asteroid more than 6 miles across strikes the Yucatan Peninsula, | ||
869 | triggering the fifth mass extinction in the world’s history. | ||
870 | |||
871 | Some of the debris thrown into the atmosphere returned to Earth, the | ||
872 | friction turning the air into an oven and sparking forest fires as it landed | ||
873 | all over the world. The intensity of the heat pulse gave way to a prolonged | ||
874 | impact winter, the sky blotted out by soot and ash as temperatures fell. | ||
875 | |||
876 | More than 75 percent of species known from the end of the Cretaceous period, | ||
877 | 66 million years ago, didn’t make it to the following Paleogene period. The | ||
878 | geologic break between the two is called the K-Pg boundary, and beaked birds | ||
879 | were the only dinosaurs to survive the disaster.|] | ||
880 | [text| | ||
881 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-birds-survived-and-dinosaurs-went-extinct-after-asteroid-hit-earth-180975801/, | ||
882 | https://www.amnh.org/shelf-life/six-extinctions | ||
883 | |], | ||
884 | |||
885 | CalendarEntry (27.5 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
886 | "Apes and monkeys split" | ||
887 | "" | ||
888 | [text| | ||
889 | Studies of clock-like mutations in primate DNA have indicated that the split | ||
890 | between apes and Old World monkeys occurred between 30 million and 25 | ||
891 | million years ago. | ||
892 | |] | ||
893 | "https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=127930", | ||
894 | |||
895 | CalendarEntry (12.1 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
896 | "Humans and chimpanzees split" | ||
897 | "" | ||
898 | [text| | ||
899 | A 2016 study analyzed transitions at CpG sites in genome sequences, which | ||
900 | exhibit a more clocklike behavior than other substitutions, arriving at an | ||
901 | estimate for human and chimpanzee divergence time of 12.1 million years.[20] | ||
902 | |] | ||
903 | [text| | ||
904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor | ||
905 | |], | ||
906 | |||
907 | CalendarEntry (4.4 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
908 | "Humans first walk upright" | ||
909 | "" | ||
910 | [text| | ||
911 | The earliest hominid with the most extensive evidence for bipedalism is the 4.4-million-year-old Ardipithecus ramidus. | ||
912 | |] | ||
913 | [text| | ||
914 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/becoming-human-the-evolution-of-walking-upright-13837658/ | ||
915 | |], | ||
916 | |||
917 | CalendarEntry (300 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
918 | "Modern humans evolve" | ||
919 | "" | ||
920 | [text| | ||
921 | Among the oldest known remains of Homo sapiens are those found at the | ||
922 | Omo-Kibish I archaeological site in south-western Ethiopia, dating to about | ||
923 | 233,000[2] to 196,000 years ago,[3] the Florisbad site in South Africa, | ||
924 | dating to about 259,000 years ago, and the Jebel Irhoud site in Morocco, | ||
925 | dated about 300,000 years ago. | ||
926 | |] | ||
927 | [text| | ||
928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_human | ||
929 | |], | ||
930 | |||
931 | CalendarEntry (100 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
932 | "Human migration out of Africa" | ||
933 | "" | ||
934 | [text| | ||
935 | Between 70,000 and 100,000 years ago, Homo sapiens began migrating from the | ||
936 | African continent and populating parts of Europe and Asia. They reached the | ||
937 | Australian continent in canoes sometime between 35,000 and 65,000 years ago. | ||
938 | |||
939 | Map of the world showing the spread of Homo sapiens throughout the Earth | ||
940 | over time. | ||
941 | |] | ||
942 | [text| | ||
943 | https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/origin-humans-early-societies/a/where-did-humans-come-from | ||
944 | |], | ||
945 | |||
946 | CalendarEntry (4.4 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
947 | "Formation of the moon" | ||
948 | "A collision of the planet Theia with Earth creates the moon" | ||
949 | [text| | ||
950 | Astronomers think the collision between Earth and Theia happened at about | ||
951 | 4.4 to 4.45 bya; about 0.1 billion years after the Solar System began to | ||
952 | form.[15][16] In astronomical terms, the impact would have been of moderate | ||
953 | velocity. Theia is thought to have struck Earth at an oblique angle when | ||
954 | Earth was nearly fully formed. Computer simulations of this "late-impact" | ||
955 | scenario suggest an initial impactor velocity at infinity below 4 kilometres | ||
956 | per second (2.5 mi/s), increasing as it fell to over 9.3 km/s (5.8 mi/s) at | ||
957 | impact, and an impact angle of about 45°.[17] However, oxygen isotope | ||
958 | abundance in lunar rock suggests "vigorous mixing" of Theia and Earth, | ||
959 | indicating a steep impact angle.[3][18] Theia's iron core would have sunk | ||
960 | into the young Earth's core, and most of Theia's mantle accreted onto | ||
961 | Earth's mantle. However, a significant portion of the mantle material from | ||
962 | both Theia and Earth would have been ejected into orbit around Earth (if | ||
963 | ejected with velocities between orbital velocity and escape velocity) or | ||
964 | into individual orbits around the Sun (if ejected at higher velocities). | ||
965 | Modelling[19] has hypothesised that material in orbit around Earth may have | ||
966 | accreted to form the Moon in three consecutive phases; accreting first from | ||
967 | the bodies initially present outside Earth's Roche limit, which acted to | ||
968 | confine the inner disk material within the Roche limit. The inner disk | ||
969 | slowly and viscously spread back out to Earth's Roche limit, pushing along | ||
970 | outer bodies via resonant interactions. After several tens of years, the | ||
971 | disk spread beyond the Roche limit, and started producing new objects that | ||
972 | continued the growth of the Moon, until the inner disk was depleted in mass | ||
973 | after several hundreds of years. | ||
974 | |] | ||
975 | [text| | ||
976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis#Basic_model | ||
977 | https://www.psi.edu/epo/moon/moon.html | ||
978 | |], | ||
979 | |||
980 | CalendarEntry (600 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
981 | "Multicellular life" | ||
982 | "" | ||
983 | [text| | ||
984 | |] | ||
985 | "" | ||
986 | ] | ||
987 | |||
988 | where | ||
989 | theYear = yearsAgo . toRational . (currentYear -) | ||
990 | yearsBeforeCommonEra = yearsAgo . toRational . ((+) (currentYear - 1)) | ||
991 | earthDescription = [text| | ||
992 | The standard model for the formation of the Solar System (including the | ||
993 | Earth) is the solar nebula hypothesis.[23] In this model, the Solar System | ||
994 | formed from a large, rotating cloud of interstellar dust and gas called the | ||
995 | solar nebula. It was composed of hydrogen and helium created shortly after | ||
996 | the Big Bang 13.8 Ga (billion years ago) and heavier elements ejected by | ||
997 | supernovae. About 4.5 Ga, the nebula began a contraction that may have been | ||
998 | triggered by the shock wave from a nearby supernova.[24] A shock wave would | ||
999 | have also made the nebula rotate. As the cloud began to accelerate, its | ||
1000 | angular momentum, gravity, and inertia flattened it into a protoplanetary | ||
1001 | disk perpendicular to its axis of rotation. Small perturbations due to | ||
1002 | collisions and the angular momentum of other large debris created the means | ||
1003 | by which kilometer-sized protoplanets began to form, orbiting the nebular | ||
1004 | center.[25] | ||
1005 | |||
1006 | The center of the nebula, not having much angular momentum, collapsed | ||
1007 | rapidly, the compression heating it until nuclear fusion of hydrogen into | ||
1008 | helium began. After more contraction, a T Tauri star ignited and evolved | ||
1009 | into the Sun. Meanwhile, in the outer part of the nebula gravity caused | ||
1010 | matter to condense around density perturbations and dust particles, and the | ||
1011 | rest of the protoplanetary disk began separating into rings. In a process | ||
1012 | known as runaway accretion, successively larger fragments of dust and debris | ||
1013 | clumped together to form planets.[25] Earth formed in this manner about 4.54 | ||
1014 | billion years ago (with an uncertainty of 1%)[26][27][4] and was largely | ||
1015 | completed within 10–20 million years.[28] The solar wind of the newly formed | ||
1016 | T Tauri star cleared out most of the material in the disk that had not | ||
1017 | already condensed into larger bodies. The same process is expected to | ||
1018 | produce accretion disks around virtually all newly forming stars in the | ||
1019 | universe, some of which yield planets.[29] | ||
1020 | |] | ||
1021 | recombinationDescription = [text| | ||
1022 | At about 370,000 years,[3][4][5][6] neutral hydrogen atoms finish forming | ||
1023 | ("recombination"), and as a result the universe also became transparent for | ||
1024 | the first time. The newly formed atoms—mainly hydrogen and helium with | ||
1025 | traces of lithium—quickly reach their lowest energy state (ground state) by | ||
1026 | releasing photons ("photon decoupling"), and these photons can still be | ||
1027 | detected today as the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This is the oldest | ||
1028 | direct observation we currently have of the universe. | ||
1029 | |] | ||
1030 | recombinationReferences = [text| | ||
1031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe#The_very_early_universe | ||
1032 | |||
1033 | 3. Tanabashi, M. 2018, p. 358, chpt. 21.4.1: "Big-Bang Cosmology" (Revised | ||
1034 | September 2017) by Keith A. Olive and John A. Peacock. | ||
1035 | |||
1036 | 4. Notes: Edward L. Wright's Javascript Cosmology Calculator (last modified | ||
1037 | 23 July 2018). With a default H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} H_{0} = 69.6 (based | ||
1038 | on WMAP9+SPT+ACT+6dFGS+BOSS/DR11+H0/Riess) parameters, the calculated age of | ||
1039 | the universe with a redshift of z = 1100 is in agreement with Olive and | ||
1040 | Peacock (about 370,000 years). | ||
1041 | |||
1042 | 5. Hinshaw, Weiland & Hill 2009. See PDF: page 45, Table 7, Age at | ||
1043 | decoupling, last column. Based on WMAP+BAO+SN parameters, the age of | ||
1044 | decoupling occurred 376971+3162−3167 years after the Big Bang. | ||
1045 | |||
1046 | 6. Ryden 2006, pp. 194–195. "Without going into the details of the | ||
1047 | non-equilibrium physics, let's content ourselves by saying, in round | ||
1048 | numbers, zdec ≈ 1100, corresponding to a temperature Tdec ≈ 3000 K, when the | ||
1049 | age of the universe was tdec ≈ 350,000 yr in the Benchmark Model. (...) The | ||
1050 | relevant times of various events around the time of recombination are shown | ||
1051 | in Table 9.1. (...) Note that all these times are approximate, and are | ||
1052 | dependent on the cosmological model you choose. (I have chosen the Benchmark | ||
1053 | Model in calculating these numbers.)" | ||
1054 | |||
1055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)#cite_note-2 | ||
1056 | |] | ||
diff --git a/CosmicCalendarEvents.hs b/CosmicCalendarEvents.hs new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f2ff99d --- /dev/null +++ b/CosmicCalendarEvents.hs | |||
@@ -0,0 +1,930 @@ | |||
1 | {-# OPTIONS_GHC -Wall #-} | ||
2 | {-# language NoImplicitPrelude #-} | ||
3 | {-# language OverloadedStrings #-} | ||
4 | {-# language QuasiQuotes #-} | ||
5 | |||
6 | module CosmicCalendarEvents where | ||
7 | |||
8 | import Rebase.Prelude | ||
9 | import NeatInterpolation | ||
10 | import qualified Rebase.Data.Map.Strict as Map | ||
11 | |||
12 | import CosmicCalendar | ||
13 | |||
14 | theCalendar :: Map NominalDiffTime CalendarEntry | ||
15 | theCalendar = Map.fromList $ map (\x -> (calBeginTime x, x)) $ map unwrap | ||
16 | [ | ||
17 | CalendarEntry 0 Nothing "The Big Bang" "The universe begins" "" "", | ||
18 | CalendarEntry (370 & thousandYears & afterBigBang) | ||
19 | Nothing | ||
20 | "Recombination" | ||
21 | "The universe becomes transparent" | ||
22 | recombinationDescription | ||
23 | recombinationReferences, | ||
24 | CalendarEntry (13.4 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
25 | "The first observed star" | ||
26 | "" | ||
27 | "First Light Viewed Through the Rich Cluster Abell 2218" | ||
28 | "https://sites.astro.caltech.edu/~rse/firstlight/", | ||
29 | CalendarEntry (4.6 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
30 | "Formation of the Sun" | ||
31 | "The formation of the solar system begins" | ||
32 | [text| | ||
33 | The formation of the Solar System began about 4.6 billion years ago with the | ||
34 | gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud.[1] Most | ||
35 | of the collapsing mass collected in the center, forming the Sun, while the | ||
36 | rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk out of which the planets, moons, | ||
37 | asteroids, and other small Solar System bodies formed. | ||
38 | |] | ||
39 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System", | ||
40 | CalendarEntry (4.54 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
41 | "Formation of Earth" | ||
42 | "" | ||
43 | earthDescription | ||
44 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Earth#Solar_System_formation", | ||
45 | |||
46 | CalendarEntry (2.6 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
47 | "First Stone Tools" | ||
48 | "Mode I: The Oldowan Industry" | ||
49 | [text| | ||
50 | (Stones with sharp edges.) | ||
51 | |||
52 | The earliest known Oldowan tools yet found date from 2.6 million years ago, | ||
53 | during the Lower Palaeolithic period, and have been uncovered at Gona in | ||
54 | Ethiopia.[16] After this date, the Oldowan Industry subsequently spread | ||
55 | throughout much of Africa, although archaeologists are currently unsure | ||
56 | which Hominan species first developed them, with some speculating that it | ||
57 | was Australopithecus garhi, and others believing that it was in fact Homo | ||
58 | habilis.[17] | ||
59 | |||
60 | Homo habilis was the hominin who used the tools for most of the Oldowan in | ||
61 | Africa, but at about 1.9-1.8 million years ago Homo erectus inherited them. | ||
62 | The Industry flourished in southern and eastern Africa between 2.6 and 1.7 | ||
63 | million years ago, but was also spread out of Africa and into Eurasia by | ||
64 | travelling bands of H. erectus, who took it as far east as Java by 1.8 | ||
65 | million years ago and Northern China by 1.6 million years ago. | ||
66 | |] | ||
67 | "", | ||
68 | |||
69 | CalendarEntry (1.8 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
70 | "First major transition in stone tool technology" | ||
71 | "Mode II: The Acheulean Industry" | ||
72 | [text| | ||
73 | From the Konso Formation of Ethiopia, Acheulean hand-axes are dated to about | ||
74 | 1.5 million years ago using radiometric dating of deposits containing | ||
75 | volcanic ashes.[6] Acheulean tools in South Asia have also been found to be | ||
76 | dated as far as 1.5 million years ago.[7] However, the earliest accepted | ||
77 | examples of the Acheulean currently known come from the West Turkana region | ||
78 | of Kenya and were first described by a French-led archaeology team.[8] These | ||
79 | particular Acheulean tools were recently dated through the method of | ||
80 | magnetostratigraphy to about 1.76 million years ago, making them the oldest | ||
81 | not only in Africa but the world.[9] The earliest user of Acheulean tools | ||
82 | was Homo ergaster, who first appeared about 1.8 million years ago. Not all | ||
83 | researchers use this formal name, and instead prefer to call these users | ||
84 | early Homo erectus.[3] | ||
85 | |] | ||
86 | "", | ||
87 | |||
88 | CalendarEntry (160 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
89 | "Second major transition in stone tool technology" | ||
90 | "Mode III: The Levallois technique; The Mousterian Industry" | ||
91 | [text| | ||
92 | (Stone scrapers, knives, and projectile points) | ||
93 | |||
94 | The technique is first found in the Lower Palaeolithic but is most commonly | ||
95 | associated with the Neanderthal Mousterian industries of the Middle | ||
96 | Palaeolithic. In the Levant, the Levallois technique was also used by | ||
97 | anatomically modern humans during the Middle Stone Age. In North Africa, the | ||
98 | Levallois technique was used in the Middle Stone Age, most notably in the | ||
99 | Aterian industry to produce very small projectile points. While Levallois | ||
100 | cores do display some variability in their platforms, their flake production | ||
101 | surfaces show remarkable uniformity. As the Levallois technique is | ||
102 | counterintuitive, teaching the process is necessary and thus language is a | ||
103 | prerequisite for such technology.[2] | ||
104 | |||
105 | The Mousterian (or Mode III) is a techno-complex (archaeological industry) | ||
106 | of stone tools, associated primarily with the Neanderthals in Europe, and to | ||
107 | a lesser extent the earliest anatomically modern humans in North Africa and | ||
108 | West Asia. The Mousterian largely defines the latter part of the Middle | ||
109 | Paleolithic, the middle of the West Eurasian Old Stone Age. It lasted | ||
110 | roughly from 160,000 to 40,000 BP. If its predecessor, known as Levallois or | ||
111 | Levallois-Mousterian, is included, the range is extended to as early as c. | ||
112 | 300,000–200,000 BP.[2] The main following period is the Aurignacian (c. | ||
113 | 43,000–28,000 BP) of Homo sapiens. | ||
114 | |] | ||
115 | "", | ||
116 | |||
117 | CalendarEntry (115 & thousandYearsAgo) (Just $ 11.7 & thousandYearsAgo) | ||
118 | "The Ice Age begins" | ||
119 | "The Last Glacial Period" | ||
120 | [text| | ||
121 | The Last Glacial Period (LGP), also known colloquially as the last ice age | ||
122 | or simply ice age,[1] occurred from the end of the Eemian to the end of the | ||
123 | Younger Dryas, encompassing the period c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 years ago. The | ||
124 | LGP is part of a larger sequence of glacial and interglacial periods known | ||
125 | as the Quaternary glaciation which started around 2,588,000 years ago and is | ||
126 | ongoing.[2] The definition of the Quaternary as beginning 2.58 million years | ||
127 | ago (Mya) is based on the formation of the Arctic ice cap. The Antarctic ice | ||
128 | sheet began to form earlier, at about 34 Mya, in the mid-Cenozoic | ||
129 | (Eocene–Oligocene extinction event). The term Late Cenozoic Ice Age is used | ||
130 | to include this early phase.[3] | ||
131 | |] | ||
132 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period", | ||
133 | |||
134 | CalendarEntry (50 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
135 | "Third major transition in stone tool technology" | ||
136 | "Mode IV: The Aurignacian Industry" | ||
137 | [text| | ||
138 | The widespread use of long blades (rather than flakes) of the Upper | ||
139 | Palaeolithic Mode 4 industries appeared during the Upper Palaeolithic | ||
140 | between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago, although blades were produced in small | ||
141 | quantities much earlier by Neanderthals.[20] The Aurignacian culture seems | ||
142 | to have been the first to rely largely on blades.[21] The use of blades | ||
143 | exponentially increases the efficiency of core usage compared to the | ||
144 | Levallois flake technique, which had a similar advantage over Acheulean | ||
145 | technology which was worked from cores. | ||
146 | |] | ||
147 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool#Mode_IV:_The_Aurignacian_Industry", | ||
148 | |||
149 | CalendarEntry (35 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
150 | "Last major transition in stone tool technology" | ||
151 | "Mode V: The Microlithic Industries" | ||
152 | [text| | ||
153 | Mode 5 stone tools involve the production of microliths, which were | ||
154 | used in composite tools, mainly fastened to a shaft.[22] Examples include | ||
155 | the Magdalenian culture. Such a technology makes much more efficient use of | ||
156 | available materials like flint, although required greater skill in | ||
157 | manufacturing the small flakes. Mounting sharp flint edges in a wood or bone | ||
158 | handle is the key innovation in microliths, essentially because the handle | ||
159 | gives the user protection against the flint and also improves leverage of | ||
160 | the device. | ||
161 | |] | ||
162 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool#Mode_V:_The_Microlithic_Industries" | ||
163 | , | ||
164 | |||
165 | CalendarEntry (12 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
166 | "Agriculture leads to permanent settlements" | ||
167 | "Neolithic age (\"new stone age\")" | ||
168 | [text| | ||
169 | Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago.[2] | ||
170 | However, domestication did not occur until much later. The earliest evidence | ||
171 | of small-scale cultivation of edible grasses is from around 21,000 BC with | ||
172 | the Ohalo II people on the shores of the Sea of Galilee.[3] By around 9500 | ||
173 | BC, the eight Neolithic founder crops – emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, hulled | ||
174 | barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chickpeas, and flax – were cultivated | ||
175 | in the Levant.[4] Rye may have been cultivated earlier, but this claim | ||
176 | remains controversial.[5] Rice was domesticated in China by 6200 BC[6] with | ||
177 | earliest known cultivation from 5700 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki | ||
178 | beans. Rice was also independently domesticated in West Africa and | ||
179 | cultivated by 1000 BC.[7][8] Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around | ||
180 | 11,000 years ago, followed by sheep. Cattle were domesticated from the wild | ||
181 | aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and India around 8500 BC. Camels were | ||
182 | domesticated late, perhaps around 3000 BC. | ||
183 | |] | ||
184 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture", | ||
185 | |||
186 | CalendarEntry (6.5 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
187 | "First copper tools" | ||
188 | "" | ||
189 | "" | ||
190 | "", | ||
191 | |||
192 | CalendarEntry (5.3 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
193 | "First bronze tools, first written language" | ||
194 | "The Bronze Age" | ||
195 | "" | ||
196 | "", | ||
197 | |||
198 | CalendarEntry (3000 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) (Just $ 2350 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) | ||
199 | "Corded Ware culture" | ||
200 | "Indo-European languages spread across Europe and Asia" | ||
201 | [text| | ||
202 | The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe | ||
203 | between ca. 3000 BCE – 2350 BCE, thus from the late Neolithic, through the | ||
204 | Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age.[2] Corded Ware culture | ||
205 | encompassed a vast area, from the contact zone between the Yamnaya culture | ||
206 | and the Corded Ware culture in south Central Europe, to the Rhine on the | ||
207 | west and the Volga in the east, occupying parts of Northern Europe, Central | ||
208 | Europe and Eastern Europe.[2][3] The Corded Ware culture is thought to have | ||
209 | originated from the westward migration of Yamnaya-related people from the | ||
210 | steppe-forest zone into the territory of late Neolithic European cultures | ||
211 | such as the Globular Amphora and Funnelbeaker cultures,[4][5][6] and is | ||
212 | considered to be a likely vector for the spread of many of the Indo-European | ||
213 | languages in Europe and Asia.[1][7][8][9] | ||
214 | |||
215 | Corded Ware encompassed most of continental northern Europe from the Rhine | ||
216 | on the west to the Volga in the east, including most of modern-day Germany, | ||
217 | the Netherlands, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Czech | ||
218 | Republic, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Switzerland, northwestern Romania, | ||
219 | northern Ukraine, and the European part of Russia, as well as coastal Norway | ||
220 | and the southern portions of Sweden and Finland.[2] In the Late | ||
221 | Eneolithic/Early Bronze Age, it encompassed the territory of nearly the | ||
222 | entire Balkan Peninsula, where Corded Ware mixed with other steppe | ||
223 | elements.[11] | ||
224 | |||
225 | Archaeologists note that Corded Ware was not a "unified culture," as Corded | ||
226 | Ware groups inhabiting a vast geographical area from the Rhine to Volga seem | ||
227 | to have regionally specific subsistence strategies and economies.[2]: 226 | ||
228 | There are differences in the material culture and in settlements and | ||
229 | society.[2] At the same time, they had several shared elements that are | ||
230 | characteristic of all Corded Ware groups, such as their burial practices, | ||
231 | pottery with "cord" decoration and unique stone-axes.[2] | ||
232 | |] | ||
233 | "", | ||
234 | |||
235 | CalendarEntry (2800 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) (Just $ 1800 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) | ||
236 | "Bell Beaker culture" | ||
237 | [text| | ||
238 | copper daggers, v-perforated buttons, stone wrist-guards | ||
239 | copper, bronze, and gold working | ||
240 | long-distance exchange networks, archery | ||
241 | social stratification and the emergence of regional elites | ||
242 | |] | ||
243 | [text| | ||
244 | The Bell Beaker culture (also described as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell | ||
245 | Beaker phenomenon) is an archaeological culture named after the | ||
246 | inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the | ||
247 | European Bronze Age. Arising from around 2800 BC, it lasted in Britain until | ||
248 | as late as 1800 BC[1][2] but in continental Europe only until 2300 BC, when | ||
249 | it was succeeded by the Unetice culture. The culture was widely dispersed | ||
250 | throughout Western Europe, being present in many regions of Iberia and | ||
251 | stretching eastward to the Danubian plains, and northward to the islands of | ||
252 | Great Britain and Ireland, and was also present in the islands of Sicily and | ||
253 | Sardinia and some small coastal areas in north-western Africa. The Bell | ||
254 | Beaker phenomenon shows substantial regional variation, and a study[3] from | ||
255 | 2018 found that it was associated with genetically diverse populations. | ||
256 | |||
257 | In its mature phase, the Bell Beaker culture is understood as not only a | ||
258 | collection of characteristic artefact types, but a complex cultural | ||
259 | phenomenon involving metalwork in copper and gold, long-distance exchange | ||
260 | networks, archery, specific types of ornamentation, and (presumably) shared | ||
261 | ideological, cultural and religious ideas, as well as social stratification | ||
262 | and the emergence of regional elites.[6][7] A wide range of regional | ||
263 | diversity persists within the widespread late Beaker culture, particularly | ||
264 | in local burial styles (including incidences of cremation rather than | ||
265 | burial), housing styles, economic profile, and local ceramic wares | ||
266 | (Begleitkeramik). Nonetheless, according to Lemercier (2018) the mature | ||
267 | phase of the Beaker culture represents "the appearance of a kind of Bell | ||
268 | Beaker civilization of continental scale."[8] | ||
269 | |||
270 | Bell Beaker people took advantage of transport by sea and rivers, creating a | ||
271 | cultural spread extending from Ireland to the Carpathian Basin and south | ||
272 | along the Atlantic coast and along the Rhône valley to Portugal, North | ||
273 | Africa, and Sicily, even penetrating northern and central Italy.[50] Its | ||
274 | remains have been found in what is now Portugal, Spain, France (excluding | ||
275 | the central massif), Ireland and Great Britain, the Low Countries and | ||
276 | Germany between the Elbe and Rhine, with an extension along the upper Danube | ||
277 | into the Vienna Basin (Austria), Hungary and the Czech Republic, with | ||
278 | Mediterranean outposts on Sardinia and Sicily; there is less certain | ||
279 | evidence for direct penetration in the east. | ||
280 | |] | ||
281 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture", | ||
282 | |||
283 | CalendarEntry (11.7 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
284 | "Ice Age ends" | ||
285 | "" | ||
286 | "" | ||
287 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period", | ||
288 | |||
289 | CalendarEntry (1600 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) Nothing | ||
290 | "Dynastic China" | ||
291 | "History begins" | ||
292 | [text| | ||
293 | The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as | ||
294 | early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC), during the king | ||
295 | Wu Ding's reign | ||
296 | |||
297 | The state-sponsored Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project dated them from c. | ||
298 | 1600 to 1046 BC based on the carbon 14 dates of the Erligang site. | ||
299 | |] | ||
300 | "", | ||
301 | |||
302 | CalendarEntry (theYear 1492) Nothing | ||
303 | "Columbus arrives in America" | ||
304 | "" | ||
305 | "" | ||
306 | "", | ||
307 | |||
308 | CalendarEntry (theYear 570) Nothing | ||
309 | "Muhammad born" | ||
310 | "" | ||
311 | "" | ||
312 | "", | ||
313 | |||
314 | CalendarEntry (480 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) Nothing | ||
315 | "Old Testament, Buddha" | ||
316 | "" | ||
317 | "" | ||
318 | "", | ||
319 | |||
320 | CalendarEntry (8.8 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
321 | "Thin disk of the Milky Way Galaxy" | ||
322 | "Our galaxy begins to form" | ||
323 | [text| | ||
324 | The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using | ||
325 | nucleocosmochronology. Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate | ||
326 | that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago. These measurements | ||
327 | suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation | ||
328 | of the galactic halo and the thin disk.[253] Recent analysis of the chemical | ||
329 | signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have | ||
330 | dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation, 10 to 8 | ||
331 | billion years ago, when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at | ||
332 | the same rate as before.[254] | ||
333 | |] | ||
334 | "", | ||
335 | |||
336 | CalendarEntry (3.4 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
337 | "First photosynthetic bacteria" | ||
338 | "(Still no Oxygen)" | ||
339 | [text| | ||
340 | They absorbed near-infrared rather than visible light and produced sulfur or | ||
341 | sulfate compounds rather than oxygen. Their pigments (possibly | ||
342 | bacteriochlorophylls) were predecessors to chlorophyll. | ||
343 | |] | ||
344 | "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", | ||
345 | |||
346 | CalendarEntry (2.7 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
347 | "Oxygen from photosynthesis" | ||
348 | "Cyanobacteria" | ||
349 | [text| | ||
350 | These ubiquitous bacteria were the first oxygen producers. They absorb | ||
351 | visible light using a mix of pigments: phycobilins, carotenoids and several | ||
352 | forms of chlorophyll. | ||
353 | |] | ||
354 | "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", | ||
355 | |||
356 | CalendarEntry (1.2 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
357 | "Red and brown algae" | ||
358 | "" | ||
359 | [text| | ||
360 | These organisms have more complex cellular structures than bacteria do. Like | ||
361 | cyanobacteria, they contain phycobilin pigments as well as various forms of | ||
362 | chlorophyll. | ||
363 | |] | ||
364 | "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", | ||
365 | |||
366 | CalendarEntry (0.75 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
367 | "Green algae" | ||
368 | "" | ||
369 | [text| | ||
370 | Green algae do better than red and brown algae in the strong light of | ||
371 | shallow water. They make do without phycobilins. | ||
372 | |] | ||
373 | "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", | ||
374 | |||
375 | CalendarEntry (0.475 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
376 | "First land plants" | ||
377 | "" | ||
378 | [text| | ||
379 | Mosses and liverworts descended from green algae. Lacking vascular structure | ||
380 | (stems and roots) to pull water from the soil, they are unable to grow | ||
381 | tall. | ||
382 | |] | ||
383 | "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", | ||
384 | |||
385 | CalendarEntry (0.423 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
386 | "Vascular plants" | ||
387 | "" | ||
388 | [text| | ||
389 | These are literally garden-variety plants, such as ferns, grasses, trees and | ||
390 | cacti. They are able to grow tall canopies to capture more light. | ||
391 | |] | ||
392 | "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", | ||
393 | |||
394 | CalendarEntry (2.05 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
395 | "Eukaryotic cells" | ||
396 | "Cells with nucleus (inner membrane holding DNA)" | ||
397 | [text| | ||
398 | Eukaryotes (/juːˈkærioʊts, -əts/) are organisms whose cells have a nucleus | ||
399 | enclosed within a nuclear envelope.[1][2][3] They belong to the group of | ||
400 | organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya; their name comes from the Greek εὖ (eu, | ||
401 | "well" or "good") and κάρυον (karyon, "nut" or "kernel").[4] The domain | ||
402 | Eukaryota makes up one of the three domains of life; bacteria and archaea | ||
403 | (both prokaryotes) make up the other two domains.[5][6] The eukaryotes are | ||
404 | usually now regarded as having emerged in the Archaea or as a sister of the | ||
405 | Asgard archaea.[7][8] This implies that there are only two domains of life, | ||
406 | Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among archaea.[9][10] | ||
407 | Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms;[11] | ||
408 | however, due to their generally much larger size, their collective global | ||
409 | biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes.[11] | ||
410 | Eukaryotes emerged approximately 2.3–1.8 billion years ago, during the | ||
411 | Proterozoic eon, likely as flagellated phagotrophs.[12][13] | ||
412 | |] | ||
413 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote", | ||
414 | |||
415 | CalendarEntry (3.77 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
416 | "Life on Earth" | ||
417 | "" | ||
418 | [text| | ||
419 | The earliest time for the origin of life on Earth is at least 3.77 billion | ||
420 | years ago, possibly as early as 4.28 billion years,[2] or even 4.41 billion | ||
421 | years[4][5]—not long after the oceans formed 4.5 billion years ago, and | ||
422 | after the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years ago.[2][3][6][7] | ||
423 | |] | ||
424 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms", | ||
425 | |||
426 | CalendarEntry (3.42 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
427 | "Earliest known life on Earth" | ||
428 | "" | ||
429 | [text| | ||
430 | The earliest known life forms on Earth are putative fossilized | ||
431 | microorganisms found in hydrothermal vent precipitates, considered to be | ||
432 | about 3.42 billion years old.[1][2] The earliest time for the origin of life | ||
433 | on Earth is at least 3.77 billion years ago, possibly as early as 4.28 | ||
434 | billion years,[2] or even 4.41 billion years[4][5]—not long after the oceans | ||
435 | formed 4.5 billion years ago, and after the formation of the Earth 4.54 | ||
436 | billion years ago.[2][3][6][7] The earliest direct evidence of life on Earth | ||
437 | is from microfossils of microorganisms permineralized in | ||
438 | 3.465-billion-year-old Australian Apex chert rocks.[8][9] | ||
439 | |] | ||
440 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms", | ||
441 | |||
442 | CalendarEntry (750 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
443 | "Bones and shells" | ||
444 | "" | ||
445 | [text| | ||
446 | A series of spectacularly preserved, 750-million-year-old fossils represent | ||
447 | the microscopic origins of biomineralization, or the ability to convert | ||
448 | minerals into hard, physical structures. This process is what makes bones, | ||
449 | shells, teeth and hair possible, literally shaping the animal kingdom and | ||
450 | even Earth itself. | ||
451 | |||
452 | The fossils were pried from ancient rock formations in Canada's Yukon by | ||
453 | earth scientists Francis Macdonald and Phoebe Cohen of Harvard University. | ||
454 | In a June Geology paper, they describe their findings as providing "a unique | ||
455 | window into the diversity of early eukaryotes." | ||
456 | |||
457 | Using molecular clocks and genetic trees to reverse-engineer evolutionary | ||
458 | histories, previous research placed the beginning of biomineralization at | ||
459 | about 750 million years ago. Around that time, the fossil record gets | ||
460 | suggestive, turning up vase-shaped amoebas with something like scales in | ||
461 | their cell walls, algae with cell walls possibly made from calcium carbonate | ||
462 | and sponge-like creatures with seemingly mineralized bodies. | ||
463 | |] | ||
464 | "https://www.wired.com/2011/06/first-shells/", | ||
465 | |||
466 | CalendarEntry (440 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
467 | "Fish with jaws" | ||
468 | "" | ||
469 | [text| | ||
470 | Prehistoric armoured fishes called placoderms were the first fishes to have | ||
471 | jaws. They arose some time in the Silurian Period, about 440 million years | ||
472 | ago, to become the most abundant and diverse fishes of their day. | ||
473 | |||
474 | Placoderms dominated the oceans, rivers and lakes for some 80 million years, | ||
475 | before their sudden extinction around 359 million years ago. This is possibly | ||
476 | due to the depletion of trace elements in our oceans. | ||
477 | |] | ||
478 | "", | ||
479 | |||
480 | CalendarEntry (518 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
481 | "Vertebrates" | ||
482 | "Animals with backbones" | ||
483 | [text| | ||
484 | Vertebrates (/ˈvɜːrtəbrɪts, -ˌbreɪts/)[3] comprise all animal taxa within | ||
485 | the subphylum Vertebrata (/ˌvɜːrtəˈbreɪtə/)[4] (chordates with backbones), | ||
486 | including all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates | ||
487 | represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently | ||
488 | about 69,963 species described.[5] | ||
489 | |] | ||
490 | "", | ||
491 | |||
492 | CalendarEntry (385 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
493 | "Insects" | ||
494 | "" | ||
495 | [text| | ||
496 | Comprising up to 10 million living species, insects today can be found on | ||
497 | all seven continents and inhabit every terrestrial niche imaginable. But | ||
498 | according to the fossil record, they were scarce before about 325 million | ||
499 | years ago, outnumbered by their arthropod cousins the arachnids (spiders, | ||
500 | scorpions and mites) and myriapods (centipedes and millipedes). | ||
501 | |||
502 | The oldest confirmed insect fossil is that of a wingless, silverfish-like | ||
503 | creature that lived about 385 million years ago. It’s not until about 60 | ||
504 | million years later, during a period of the Earth’s history known as the | ||
505 | Pennsylvanian, that insect fossils become abundant. | ||
506 | |] | ||
507 | "https://earth.stanford.edu/news/insects-took-when-they-evolved-wings", | ||
508 | |||
509 | CalendarEntry (368 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
510 | "Amphibians" | ||
511 | "" | ||
512 | [text| | ||
513 | The earliest well-known amphibian, Ichthyostega, was found in Late Devonian | ||
514 | deposits in Greenland, dating back about 363 million years. The earliest | ||
515 | amphibian discovered to date is Elginerpeton, found in Late Devonian rocks | ||
516 | of Scotland dating to approximately 368 million years ago. The later | ||
517 | Paleozoic saw a great diversity of amphibians, ranging from small legless | ||
518 | swimming forms (Aistopoda) to bizarre "horned" forms (Nectridea). Other | ||
519 | Paleozoic amphibians more or less resembled salamanders outwardly but | ||
520 | differed in details of skeletal structure. Exactly how to classify these | ||
521 | fossils, and how they might be related to living amphibians, is still | ||
522 | debated by paleontologists. Shown at the right is Phlegethontia, an aistopod | ||
523 | from the Pennsylvanian. | ||
524 | |||
525 | The familiar frogs, toads, and salamanders have been present since at least | ||
526 | the Jurassic Period. (The fossil frog pictured to the left is much younger, | ||
527 | coming from the Eocene, only 45 to 55 million years ago). Fossil caecilians | ||
528 | are very rare; until recently the oldest known caecilians were Cenozoic in | ||
529 | age (that is, less than 65 million years old), but recent finds have pushed | ||
530 | back the ancestry of the legless caecilians to Jurassic ancestors that had | ||
531 | short legs. The rarity of fossil caecilians is probably due to their | ||
532 | burrowing habitat and reduced skeleton, both of which lessen the chances of | ||
533 | preservation. | ||
534 | |] | ||
535 | "https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibfr.html", | ||
536 | |||
537 | CalendarEntry (320 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
538 | "Reptiles" | ||
539 | "" | ||
540 | [text| | ||
541 | Reptiles, in the traditional sense of the term, are defined as animals that | ||
542 | have scales or scutes, lay land-based hard-shelled eggs, and possess | ||
543 | ectothermic metabolisms. | ||
544 | |||
545 | Though few reptiles today are apex predators, many examples of apex reptiles | ||
546 | have existed in the past. Reptiles have an extremely diverse evolutionary | ||
547 | history that has led to biological successes, such as dinosaurs, pterosaurs, | ||
548 | plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, and ichthyosaurs. | ||
549 | |] | ||
550 | [text| | ||
551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_reptiles | ||
552 | https://www.thoughtco.com/the-first-reptiles-1093767 | ||
553 | |], | ||
554 | |||
555 | CalendarEntry (335 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
556 | "Pangea forms" | ||
557 | "" | ||
558 | [text| | ||
559 | Pangaea or Pangea (/pænˈdʒiː.ə/)[1] was a supercontinent that existed during | ||
560 | the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.[2] It assembled from the earlier | ||
561 | continental units of Gondwana, Euramerica and Siberia during the | ||
562 | Carboniferous approximately 335 million years ago, and began to break apart | ||
563 | about 200 million years ago, at the end of the Triassic and beginning of the | ||
564 | Jurassic.[3] In contrast to the present Earth and its distribution of | ||
565 | continental mass, Pangaea was centred on the Equator and surrounded by the | ||
566 | superocean Panthalassa and the Paleo-Tethys and subsequent Tethys Oceans. | ||
567 | Pangaea is the most recent supercontinent to have existed and the first to | ||
568 | be reconstructed by geologists. | ||
569 | |] | ||
570 | "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaea", | ||
571 | |||
572 | CalendarEntry (243 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
573 | "Dinosaurs" | ||
574 | "" | ||
575 | [text| | ||
576 | For the past twenty years, Eoraptor has represented the beginning of the Age | ||
577 | of Dinosaurs. This controversial little creature–found in the roughly | ||
578 | 231-million-year-old rock of Argentina–has often been cited as the earliest | ||
579 | known dinosaur. But Eoraptor has either just been stripped of that title, or | ||
580 | soon will be. A newly-described fossil found decades ago in Tanzania extends | ||
581 | the dawn of the dinosaurs more than 10 million years further back in time. | ||
582 | |||
583 | Named Nyasasaurus parringtoni, the roughly 243-million-year-old fossils | ||
584 | represent either the oldest known dinosaur or the closest known relative to | ||
585 | the earliest dinosaurs. The find was announced by University of Washington | ||
586 | paleontologist Sterling Nesbitt and colleagues in Biology Letters, and I | ||
587 | wrote a short news item about the discovery for Nature News. The paper | ||
588 | presents a significant find that is also a tribute to the work of Alan | ||
589 | Charig–who studied and named the animal, but never formally published a | ||
590 | description–but it isn’t just that. The recognition of Nyasasaurus right | ||
591 | near the base of the dinosaur family tree adds to a growing body of evidence | ||
592 | that the ancestors of dinosaurs proliferated in the wake of a catastrophic | ||
593 | mass extinction. | ||
594 | |] | ||
595 | [text| | ||
596 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/scientists-discover-oldest-known-dinosaur-152807497/ | ||
597 | |], | ||
598 | |||
599 | CalendarEntry (210 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
600 | "Mammals" | ||
601 | "" | ||
602 | [text| | ||
603 | The earliest known mammals were the morganucodontids, tiny shrew-size | ||
604 | creatures that lived in the shadows of the dinosaurs 210 million years ago. | ||
605 | They were one of several different mammal lineages that emerged around that | ||
606 | time. All living mammals today, including us, descend from the one line that | ||
607 | survived. | ||
608 | |] | ||
609 | "https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/rise-mammals", | ||
610 | |||
611 | CalendarEntry (150 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
612 | "Birds" | ||
613 | "" | ||
614 | [text| | ||
615 | The first birds had sharp teeth, long bony tails and claws on their hands. | ||
616 | The clear distinction we see between living birds and other animals did not | ||
617 | exist with early birds. The first birds were in fact more like small | ||
618 | dinosaurs than they were like any bird today. | ||
619 | |||
620 | The earliest known (from fossils) bird is the 150-million-year-old | ||
621 | Archaeopteryx, but birds had evolved before then. A range of birds with more | ||
622 | advanced features appeared soon after Archaeopteryx. One group gave rise to | ||
623 | modern birds in the Late Cretaceous. | ||
624 | |] | ||
625 | "https://australian.museum/learn/dinosaurs/the-first-birds/", | ||
626 | |||
627 | CalendarEntry (130 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
628 | "Flowers" | ||
629 | "" | ||
630 | [text| | ||
631 | Today, plants with flowers--called angiosperms--dominate the landscape. | ||
632 | Around 80 percent of green plants alive today, from oak trees to grass, are | ||
633 | flowering plants. In all of these plants, flowers are part of the | ||
634 | reproductive system. But 130 million years ago, flowering plants were rare. | ||
635 | Most plants reproduced with spores, found today on ferns, or with seeds and | ||
636 | cones, found today on pine trees. The plant fossils found in Liaoning, | ||
637 | China, show evidence of plants with spores or seeds--and perhaps one of the | ||
638 | first flowering plants. | ||
639 | |||
640 | Researchers have found an ancient plant in Liaoning, Archaefructus, that has | ||
641 | very small, simple flowers and could be one of the first flowering plants. | ||
642 | Archaefructus lived around 130 million years ago and probably grew in or | ||
643 | near the water. | ||
644 | |] | ||
645 | "https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/dinosaurs-ancient-fossils/liaoning-diorama/when-flowers-first-bloomed", | ||
646 | |||
647 | CalendarEntry (85 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
648 | "Tyranosaurids" | ||
649 | "The Tyrant Lizards" | ||
650 | [text| | ||
651 | The name says it all. This group of huge carnivores must have tyrannically | ||
652 | ruled the land during the last part of the Cretaceous, 85 to 65 million | ||
653 | years ago. Short but deep jaws with banana-sized sharp teeth, long hind | ||
654 | limbs, small beady eyes, and tiny forelimbs (arms) typify a tyrannosaur. The | ||
655 | Tyrannosauridae included such similar animals (in rough order of increasing | ||
656 | size) as Albertosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Daspletosaurus, Tarbosaurus, and of | ||
657 | course Tyrannosaurus rex. | ||
658 | |||
659 | T. rex was one of the largest terrestrial carnivores of all time. It stood | ||
660 | approximately 15 feet high and was about 40 feet in length, roughly six tons | ||
661 | in weight. In its large mouth were six-inch long, sharp, serrated teeth. | ||
662 | |||
663 | Just about two dozen good specimens of these animals have been found and | ||
664 | these finds are from highly restricted areas in western North America. Henry | ||
665 | Fairfield Osborn, of the American Museum of Natural History in New York | ||
666 | City, first described Tyrannosaurus rex in 1905. This first specimen of | ||
667 | Tyrannosaurus is now on display at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in | ||
668 | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. | ||
669 | |] | ||
670 | "", | ||
671 | |||
672 | CalendarEntry (445 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
673 | "The first mass extinction" | ||
674 | "Fluctuating sea levels cause mass die-off of marine invertebrates" | ||
675 | [text| | ||
676 | The earliest known mass extinction, the Ordovician Extinction, took place at | ||
677 | a time when most of the life on Earth lived in its seas. Its major | ||
678 | casualties were marine invertebrates including brachiopods, trilobites, | ||
679 | bivalves and corals; many species from each of these groups went extinct | ||
680 | during this time. The cause of this extinction? It’s thought that the main | ||
681 | catalyst was the movement of the supercontinent Gondwana into Earth’s | ||
682 | southern hemisphere, which caused sea levels to rise and fall repeatedly | ||
683 | over a period of millions of years, eliminating habitats and species. The | ||
684 | onset of a late Ordovician ice age and changes in water chemistry may also | ||
685 | have been factors in this extinction. | ||
686 | |] | ||
687 | "https://www.amnh.org/shelf-life/six-extinctions", | ||
688 | |||
689 | CalendarEntry (370 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
690 | "Late Devonian Extinction" | ||
691 | "The Kellwasser Event and the Hangenberg Event combine to cause an enormous loss in biodiversity" | ||
692 | [text| | ||
693 | Given that it took place over a huge span of time—estimates range from | ||
694 | 500,000 to 25 million years—it isn’t possible to point to a single cause for | ||
695 | the Devonian extinction, though some suggest that the amazing spread of | ||
696 | plant life on land during this time may have changed the environment in ways | ||
697 | that made life harder, and eventually impossible, for the species that died | ||
698 | out. | ||
699 | |||
700 | The brunt of this extinction was borne by marine invertebrates. As in the | ||
701 | Ordovician Extinction, many species of corals, trilobites, and brachiopods | ||
702 | vanished. Corals in particular were so hard hit that they were nearly wiped | ||
703 | out, and didn’t recover until the Mesozoic Era, nearly 120 million years | ||
704 | later. Not all vertebrate species were spared, however; the early bony | ||
705 | fishes known as placoderms met their end in this extinction. | ||
706 | |] | ||
707 | "https://www.amnh.org/shelf-life/six-extinctions", | ||
708 | |||
709 | CalendarEntry (252 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
710 | "The Great Dying" | ||
711 | "Mass extinction kills more than 95 percent of marine species and 70 percent of land-dwelling vertebrates" | ||
712 | [text| | ||
713 | So many species were wiped out by this mass extinction it took more than 10 | ||
714 | million years to recover from the huge blow to global biodiversity. This | ||
715 | extinction is thought to be the result of a gradual change in climate, | ||
716 | followed by a sudden catastrophe. Causes including volcanic eruptions, | ||
717 | asteroid impacts, and a sudden release of greenhouse gasses from the | ||
718 | seafloor have been proposed, but the mechanism behind the Great Dying | ||
719 | remains a mystery. | ||
720 | |] | ||
721 | "https://www.amnh.org/shelf-life/six-extinctions", | ||
722 | |||
723 | CalendarEntry (201 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
724 | "Triassic-Jurassic Extinction" | ||
725 | "Death of more than a third of marine species and of most large amphibians" | ||
726 | [text| | ||
727 | This extinction occurred just a few millennia before the breakup of the | ||
728 | supercontinent of Pangaea. While its causes are not definitively | ||
729 | understood—researchers have suggested climate change, an asteroid impact, or | ||
730 | a spate of enormous volcanic eruptions as possible culprits—its effects are | ||
731 | indisputable. | ||
732 | |||
733 | More than a third of marine species vanished, as did most large amphibians | ||
734 | of the time, as well as many species related to crocodiles and dinosaurs. | ||
735 | |] | ||
736 | "https://www.amnh.org/shelf-life/six-extinctions", | ||
737 | |||
738 | CalendarEntry (66 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
739 | "Dinosaurs extinct" | ||
740 | "Mammals take over land & sea" | ||
741 | [text| | ||
742 | An asteroid more than 6 miles across strikes the Yucatan Peninsula, | ||
743 | triggering the fifth mass extinction in the world’s history. | ||
744 | |||
745 | Some of the debris thrown into the atmosphere returned to Earth, the | ||
746 | friction turning the air into an oven and sparking forest fires as it landed | ||
747 | all over the world. The intensity of the heat pulse gave way to a prolonged | ||
748 | impact winter, the sky blotted out by soot and ash as temperatures fell. | ||
749 | |||
750 | More than 75 percent of species known from the end of the Cretaceous period, | ||
751 | 66 million years ago, didn’t make it to the following Paleogene period. The | ||
752 | geologic break between the two is called the K-Pg boundary, and beaked birds | ||
753 | were the only dinosaurs to survive the disaster.|] | ||
754 | [text| | ||
755 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-birds-survived-and-dinosaurs-went-extinct-after-asteroid-hit-earth-180975801/, | ||
756 | https://www.amnh.org/shelf-life/six-extinctions | ||
757 | |], | ||
758 | |||
759 | CalendarEntry (27.5 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
760 | "Apes and monkeys split" | ||
761 | "" | ||
762 | [text| | ||
763 | Studies of clock-like mutations in primate DNA have indicated that the split | ||
764 | between apes and Old World monkeys occurred between 30 million and 25 | ||
765 | million years ago. | ||
766 | |] | ||
767 | "https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=127930", | ||
768 | |||
769 | CalendarEntry (12.1 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
770 | "Humans and chimpanzees split" | ||
771 | "" | ||
772 | [text| | ||
773 | A 2016 study analyzed transitions at CpG sites in genome sequences, which | ||
774 | exhibit a more clocklike behavior than other substitutions, arriving at an | ||
775 | estimate for human and chimpanzee divergence time of 12.1 million years.[20] | ||
776 | |] | ||
777 | [text| | ||
778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor | ||
779 | |], | ||
780 | |||
781 | CalendarEntry (4.4 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
782 | "Humans first walk upright" | ||
783 | "" | ||
784 | [text| | ||
785 | The earliest hominid with the most extensive evidence for bipedalism is the 4.4-million-year-old Ardipithecus ramidus. | ||
786 | |] | ||
787 | [text| | ||
788 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/becoming-human-the-evolution-of-walking-upright-13837658/ | ||
789 | |], | ||
790 | |||
791 | CalendarEntry (300 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
792 | "Modern humans evolve" | ||
793 | "" | ||
794 | [text| | ||
795 | Among the oldest known remains of Homo sapiens are those found at the | ||
796 | Omo-Kibish I archaeological site in south-western Ethiopia, dating to about | ||
797 | 233,000[2] to 196,000 years ago,[3] the Florisbad site in South Africa, | ||
798 | dating to about 259,000 years ago, and the Jebel Irhoud site in Morocco, | ||
799 | dated about 300,000 years ago. | ||
800 | |] | ||
801 | [text| | ||
802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_human | ||
803 | |], | ||
804 | |||
805 | CalendarEntry (100 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
806 | "Human migration out of Africa" | ||
807 | "" | ||
808 | [text| | ||
809 | Between 70,000 and 100,000 years ago, Homo sapiens began migrating from the | ||
810 | African continent and populating parts of Europe and Asia. They reached the | ||
811 | Australian continent in canoes sometime between 35,000 and 65,000 years ago. | ||
812 | |||
813 | Map of the world showing the spread of Homo sapiens throughout the Earth | ||
814 | over time. | ||
815 | |] | ||
816 | [text| | ||
817 | https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/origin-humans-early-societies/a/where-did-humans-come-from | ||
818 | |], | ||
819 | |||
820 | CalendarEntry (4.4 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
821 | "Formation of the moon" | ||
822 | "A collision of the planet Theia with Earth creates the moon" | ||
823 | [text| | ||
824 | Astronomers think the collision between Earth and Theia happened at about | ||
825 | 4.4 to 4.45 bya; about 0.1 billion years after the Solar System began to | ||
826 | form.[15][16] In astronomical terms, the impact would have been of moderate | ||
827 | velocity. Theia is thought to have struck Earth at an oblique angle when | ||
828 | Earth was nearly fully formed. Computer simulations of this "late-impact" | ||
829 | scenario suggest an initial impactor velocity at infinity below 4 kilometres | ||
830 | per second (2.5 mi/s), increasing as it fell to over 9.3 km/s (5.8 mi/s) at | ||
831 | impact, and an impact angle of about 45°.[17] However, oxygen isotope | ||
832 | abundance in lunar rock suggests "vigorous mixing" of Theia and Earth, | ||
833 | indicating a steep impact angle.[3][18] Theia's iron core would have sunk | ||
834 | into the young Earth's core, and most of Theia's mantle accreted onto | ||
835 | Earth's mantle. However, a significant portion of the mantle material from | ||
836 | both Theia and Earth would have been ejected into orbit around Earth (if | ||
837 | ejected with velocities between orbital velocity and escape velocity) or | ||
838 | into individual orbits around the Sun (if ejected at higher velocities). | ||
839 | Modelling[19] has hypothesised that material in orbit around Earth may have | ||
840 | accreted to form the Moon in three consecutive phases; accreting first from | ||
841 | the bodies initially present outside Earth's Roche limit, which acted to | ||
842 | confine the inner disk material within the Roche limit. The inner disk | ||
843 | slowly and viscously spread back out to Earth's Roche limit, pushing along | ||
844 | outer bodies via resonant interactions. After several tens of years, the | ||
845 | disk spread beyond the Roche limit, and started producing new objects that | ||
846 | continued the growth of the Moon, until the inner disk was depleted in mass | ||
847 | after several hundreds of years. | ||
848 | |] | ||
849 | [text| | ||
850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis#Basic_model | ||
851 | https://www.psi.edu/epo/moon/moon.html | ||
852 | |], | ||
853 | |||
854 | CalendarEntry (600 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing | ||
855 | "Multicellular life" | ||
856 | "" | ||
857 | [text| | ||
858 | |] | ||
859 | "" | ||
860 | ] | ||
861 | |||
862 | where | ||
863 | theYear = yearsAgo . toRational . (currentYear -) | ||
864 | yearsBeforeCommonEra = yearsAgo . toRational . ((+) (currentYear - 1)) | ||
865 | earthDescription = [text| | ||
866 | The standard model for the formation of the Solar System (including the | ||
867 | Earth) is the solar nebula hypothesis.[23] In this model, the Solar System | ||
868 | formed from a large, rotating cloud of interstellar dust and gas called the | ||
869 | solar nebula. It was composed of hydrogen and helium created shortly after | ||
870 | the Big Bang 13.8 Ga (billion years ago) and heavier elements ejected by | ||
871 | supernovae. About 4.5 Ga, the nebula began a contraction that may have been | ||
872 | triggered by the shock wave from a nearby supernova.[24] A shock wave would | ||
873 | have also made the nebula rotate. As the cloud began to accelerate, its | ||
874 | angular momentum, gravity, and inertia flattened it into a protoplanetary | ||
875 | disk perpendicular to its axis of rotation. Small perturbations due to | ||
876 | collisions and the angular momentum of other large debris created the means | ||
877 | by which kilometer-sized protoplanets began to form, orbiting the nebular | ||
878 | center.[25] | ||
879 | |||
880 | The center of the nebula, not having much angular momentum, collapsed | ||
881 | rapidly, the compression heating it until nuclear fusion of hydrogen into | ||
882 | helium began. After more contraction, a T Tauri star ignited and evolved | ||
883 | into the Sun. Meanwhile, in the outer part of the nebula gravity caused | ||
884 | matter to condense around density perturbations and dust particles, and the | ||
885 | rest of the protoplanetary disk began separating into rings. In a process | ||
886 | known as runaway accretion, successively larger fragments of dust and debris | ||
887 | clumped together to form planets.[25] Earth formed in this manner about 4.54 | ||
888 | billion years ago (with an uncertainty of 1%)[26][27][4] and was largely | ||
889 | completed within 10–20 million years.[28] The solar wind of the newly formed | ||
890 | T Tauri star cleared out most of the material in the disk that had not | ||
891 | already condensed into larger bodies. The same process is expected to | ||
892 | produce accretion disks around virtually all newly forming stars in the | ||
893 | universe, some of which yield planets.[29] | ||
894 | |] | ||
895 | recombinationDescription = [text| | ||
896 | At about 370,000 years,[3][4][5][6] neutral hydrogen atoms finish forming | ||
897 | ("recombination"), and as a result the universe also became transparent for | ||
898 | the first time. The newly formed atoms—mainly hydrogen and helium with | ||
899 | traces of lithium—quickly reach their lowest energy state (ground state) by | ||
900 | releasing photons ("photon decoupling"), and these photons can still be | ||
901 | detected today as the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This is the oldest | ||
902 | direct observation we currently have of the universe. | ||
903 | |] | ||
904 | recombinationReferences = [text| | ||
905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe#The_very_early_universe | ||
906 | |||
907 | 3. Tanabashi, M. 2018, p. 358, chpt. 21.4.1: "Big-Bang Cosmology" (Revised | ||
908 | September 2017) by Keith A. Olive and John A. Peacock. | ||
909 | |||
910 | 4. Notes: Edward L. Wright's Javascript Cosmology Calculator (last modified | ||
911 | 23 July 2018). With a default H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} H_{0} = 69.6 (based | ||
912 | on WMAP9+SPT+ACT+6dFGS+BOSS/DR11+H0/Riess) parameters, the calculated age of | ||
913 | the universe with a redshift of z = 1100 is in agreement with Olive and | ||
914 | Peacock (about 370,000 years). | ||
915 | |||
916 | 5. Hinshaw, Weiland & Hill 2009. See PDF: page 45, Table 7, Age at | ||
917 | decoupling, last column. Based on WMAP+BAO+SN parameters, the age of | ||
918 | decoupling occurred 376971+3162−3167 years after the Big Bang. | ||
919 | |||
920 | 6. Ryden 2006, pp. 194–195. "Without going into the details of the | ||
921 | non-equilibrium physics, let's content ourselves by saying, in round | ||
922 | numbers, zdec ≈ 1100, corresponding to a temperature Tdec ≈ 3000 K, when the | ||
923 | age of the universe was tdec ≈ 350,000 yr in the Benchmark Model. (...) The | ||
924 | relevant times of various events around the time of recombination are shown | ||
925 | in Table 9.1. (...) Note that all these times are approximate, and are | ||
926 | dependent on the cosmological model you choose. (I have chosen the Benchmark | ||
927 | Model in calculating these numbers.)" | ||
928 | |||
929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)#cite_note-2 | ||
930 | |] | ||
diff --git a/countdown.hs b/countdown.hs index 5a5d718..b64b685 100755 --- a/countdown.hs +++ b/countdown.hs | |||
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ import Brick.Widgets.Core | |||
64 | import Brick.Widgets.Table | 64 | import Brick.Widgets.Table |
65 | 65 | ||
66 | import CosmicCalendar | 66 | import CosmicCalendar |
67 | import CosmicCalendarEvents | ||
67 | 68 | ||
68 | data CustomEvent = TimeChanged ZonedTime deriving Show | 69 | data CustomEvent = TimeChanged ZonedTime deriving Show |
69 | 70 | ||
@@ -238,12 +239,12 @@ countdownWidget showConversion isSimulated t = | |||
238 | -- If it's a stage, we want to say how long it lasts; how long since it started, and how long until it ends | 239 | -- If it's a stage, we want to say how long it lasts; how long since it started, and how long until it ends |
239 | 240 | ||
240 | currentEntryIsCurrent = fromMaybe True $ do | 241 | currentEntryIsCurrent = fromMaybe True $ do |
241 | (LocalTime entryDay _) <- (`addLocalTime` yearStart t) . calBeginTime <$> getCurrentCalendarEntry t | 242 | (LocalTime entryDay _) <- (`addLocalTime` yearStart t) . calBeginTime <$> getCurrentCalendarEntry theCalendar t |
242 | let (LocalTime nowDay _) = t | 243 | let (LocalTime nowDay _) = t |
243 | return $ entryDay == nowDay | 244 | return $ entryDay == nowDay |
244 | currentEntry = fromMaybe (str "none") $ calendarWidget False <$> getCurrentCalendarEntry t | 245 | currentEntry = fromMaybe (str "none") $ calendarWidget False <$> getCurrentCalendarEntry theCalendar t |
245 | nextEntry = fromMaybe (str "none") $ calendarWidget False <$> getNextCalendarEntry t | 246 | nextEntry = fromMaybe (str "none") $ calendarWidget False <$> getNextCalendarEntry theCalendar t |
246 | nextEntryShort = fmap (str "\n" <=>) (calendarWidget True <$> getNextCalendarEntry t) | 247 | nextEntryShort = fmap (str "\n" <=>) (calendarWidget True <$> getNextCalendarEntry theCalendar t) |
247 | 248 | ||
248 | calendarWidget short CalendarEntry{..} = box -- vBox [eventCountdown, str "\n", box] | 249 | calendarWidget short CalendarEntry{..} = box -- vBox [eventCountdown, str "\n", box] |
249 | where | 250 | where |
@@ -394,12 +395,12 @@ isSimulatedTime :: St -> Bool | |||
394 | isSimulatedTime st = st ^. stDisplayTime /= st ^. stClockTime | 395 | isSimulatedTime st = st ^. stDisplayTime /= st ^. stClockTime |
395 | 396 | ||
396 | nextCalendarEntryTime :: LocalTime -> LocalTime | 397 | nextCalendarEntryTime :: LocalTime -> LocalTime |
397 | nextCalendarEntryTime t = fromMaybe t $ getNextCalendarEntry t <&> (`addLocalTime` yearStart t) . calBeginTime | 398 | nextCalendarEntryTime t = fromMaybe t $ getNextCalendarEntry theCalendar t <&> (`addLocalTime` yearStart t) . calBeginTime |
398 | 399 | ||
399 | previousCalendarEntryTime :: LocalTime -> LocalTime | 400 | previousCalendarEntryTime :: LocalTime -> LocalTime |
400 | previousCalendarEntryTime t = fromMaybe t $ goBack t | 401 | previousCalendarEntryTime t = fromMaybe t $ goBack t |
401 | where | 402 | where |
402 | goBack t = getPreviousCalendarEntry t <&> (`addLocalTime` yearStart t) . calBeginTime | 403 | goBack t = getPreviousCalendarEntry theCalendar t <&> (`addLocalTime` yearStart t) . calBeginTime |
403 | 404 | ||
404 | handleEvent :: BChan CustomEvent -> St -> BrickEvent () CustomEvent -> EventM () (Next St) | 405 | handleEvent :: BChan CustomEvent -> St -> BrickEvent () CustomEvent -> EventM () (Next St) |
405 | handleEvent chan st e = | 406 | handleEvent chan st e = |
diff --git a/package.yaml b/package.yaml index 6b9e489..0791194 100644 --- a/package.yaml +++ b/package.yaml | |||
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ dependencies: | |||
18 | executables: | 18 | executables: |
19 | countdown: | 19 | countdown: |
20 | main: countdown.hs | 20 | main: countdown.hs |
21 | other-modules: CosmicCalendar | 21 | other-modules: CosmicCalendar, CosmicCalendarEvents |
22 | ghc-options: | 22 | ghc-options: |
23 | - -threaded | 23 | - -threaded |
24 | - -rtsopts | 24 | - -rtsopts |