From 40e58bc44068319260caf72f2684cb2b016db474 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Andrew Cady Date: Mon, 10 Oct 2022 00:58:47 -0400 Subject: cleanup the calendar events source; added a little text too --- CosmicCalendarEvents.hs | 909 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------- 1 file changed, 468 insertions(+), 441 deletions(-) diff --git a/CosmicCalendarEvents.hs b/CosmicCalendarEvents.hs index 224fbe8..90b5848 100644 --- a/CosmicCalendarEvents.hs +++ b/CosmicCalendarEvents.hs @@ -10,21 +10,67 @@ import NeatInterpolation import CosmicCalendar +theYear, yearsBeforeCommonEra :: Integer -> NominalDiffTime +theYear = yearsAgo . toRational . (currentYear -) +yearsBeforeCommonEra = yearsAgo . toRational . ((+) (currentYear - 1)) + theCalendar :: Map NominalDiffTime CalendarEntry theCalendar = buildCalendar $ [ - CalendarEntry 0 Nothing "The Big Bang" "The universe begins" "" "", + CalendarEntry 0 + Nothing + "The Big Bang" + "The universe begins" + "" + "", + CalendarEntry (370 & thousandYears & afterBigBang) - Nothing - "Recombination" - "The universe becomes transparent" - recombinationDescription - recombinationReferences, + Nothing + "Recombination" + "The universe becomes transparent" + [text| + At about 370,000 years,[3][4][5][6] neutral hydrogen atoms finish forming + ("recombination"), and as a result the universe also became transparent for + the first time. The newly formed atoms—mainly hydrogen and helium with + traces of lithium—quickly reach their lowest energy state (ground state) by + releasing photons ("photon decoupling"), and these photons can still be + detected today as the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This is the oldest + direct observation we currently have of the universe. + |] + [text| + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe#The_very_early_universe + + 3. Tanabashi, M. 2018, p. 358, chpt. 21.4.1: "Big-Bang Cosmology" (Revised + September 2017) by Keith A. Olive and John A. Peacock. + + 4. Notes: Edward L. Wright's Javascript Cosmology Calculator (last modified + 23 July 2018). With a default H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} H_{0} = 69.6 (based + on WMAP9+SPT+ACT+6dFGS+BOSS/DR11+H0/Riess) parameters, the calculated age of + the universe with a redshift of z = 1100 is in agreement with Olive and + Peacock (about 370,000 years). + + 5. Hinshaw, Weiland & Hill 2009. See PDF: page 45, Table 7, Age at + decoupling, last column. Based on WMAP+BAO+SN parameters, the age of + decoupling occurred 376971+3162−3167 years after the Big Bang. + + 6. Ryden 2006, pp. 194–195. "Without going into the details of the + non-equilibrium physics, let's content ourselves by saying, in round + numbers, zdec ≈ 1100, corresponding to a temperature Tdec ≈ 3000 K, when the + age of the universe was tdec ≈ 350,000 yr in the Benchmark Model. (...) The + relevant times of various events around the time of recombination are shown + in Table 9.1. (...) Note that all these times are approximate, and are + dependent on the cosmological model you choose. (I have chosen the Benchmark + Model in calculating these numbers.)" + + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)#cite_note-2 + |], + CalendarEntry (13.4 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing "The first observed star" "" "First Light Viewed Through the Rich Cluster Abell 2218" "https://sites.astro.caltech.edu/~rse/firstlight/", + CalendarEntry (4.6 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing "Formation of the Sun" "The formation of the solar system begins" @@ -36,323 +82,134 @@ theCalendar = buildCalendar $ asteroids, and other small Solar System bodies formed. |] "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System", + CalendarEntry (4.54 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing "Formation of Earth" "" - earthDescription - "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Earth#Solar_System_formation", - - CalendarEntry (2.6 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing - "First Stone Tools" - "Mode I: The Oldowan Industry" [text| - (Stones with sharp edges.) - - The earliest known Oldowan tools yet found date from 2.6 million years ago, - during the Lower Palaeolithic period, and have been uncovered at Gona in - Ethiopia.[16] After this date, the Oldowan Industry subsequently spread - throughout much of Africa, although archaeologists are currently unsure - which Hominan species first developed them, with some speculating that it - was Australopithecus garhi, and others believing that it was in fact Homo - habilis.[17] + The standard model for the formation of the Solar System (including the + Earth) is the solar nebula hypothesis.[23] In this model, the Solar System + formed from a large, rotating cloud of interstellar dust and gas called the + solar nebula. It was composed of hydrogen and helium created shortly after + the Big Bang 13.8 Ga (billion years ago) and heavier elements ejected by + supernovae. About 4.5 Ga, the nebula began a contraction that may have been + triggered by the shock wave from a nearby supernova.[24] A shock wave would + have also made the nebula rotate. As the cloud began to accelerate, its + angular momentum, gravity, and inertia flattened it into a protoplanetary + disk perpendicular to its axis of rotation. Small perturbations due to + collisions and the angular momentum of other large debris created the means + by which kilometer-sized protoplanets began to form, orbiting the nebular + center.[25] - Homo habilis was the hominin who used the tools for most of the Oldowan in - Africa, but at about 1.9-1.8 million years ago Homo erectus inherited them. - The Industry flourished in southern and eastern Africa between 2.6 and 1.7 - million years ago, but was also spread out of Africa and into Eurasia by - travelling bands of H. erectus, who took it as far east as Java by 1.8 - million years ago and Northern China by 1.6 million years ago. + The center of the nebula, not having much angular momentum, collapsed + rapidly, the compression heating it until nuclear fusion of hydrogen into + helium began. After more contraction, a T Tauri star ignited and evolved + into the Sun. Meanwhile, in the outer part of the nebula gravity caused + matter to condense around density perturbations and dust particles, and the + rest of the protoplanetary disk began separating into rings. In a process + known as runaway accretion, successively larger fragments of dust and debris + clumped together to form planets.[25] Earth formed in this manner about 4.54 + billion years ago (with an uncertainty of 1%)[26][27][4] and was largely + completed within 10–20 million years.[28] The solar wind of the newly formed + T Tauri star cleared out most of the material in the disk that had not + already condensed into larger bodies. The same process is expected to + produce accretion disks around virtually all newly forming stars in the + universe, some of which yield planets.[29] |] - "", + "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Earth#Solar_System_formation", - CalendarEntry (1.8 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing - "First major transition in stone tool technology" - "Mode II: The Acheulean Industry" + CalendarEntry (8.8 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing + "Thin disk of the Milky Way Galaxy" + "Our galaxy begins to form" [text| - From the Konso Formation of Ethiopia, Acheulean hand-axes are dated to about - 1.5 million years ago using radiometric dating of deposits containing - volcanic ashes.[6] Acheulean tools in South Asia have also been found to be - dated as far as 1.5 million years ago.[7] However, the earliest accepted - examples of the Acheulean currently known come from the West Turkana region - of Kenya and were first described by a French-led archaeology team.[8] These - particular Acheulean tools were recently dated through the method of - magnetostratigraphy to about 1.76 million years ago, making them the oldest - not only in Africa but the world.[9] The earliest user of Acheulean tools - was Homo ergaster, who first appeared about 1.8 million years ago. Not all - researchers use this formal name, and instead prefer to call these users - early Homo erectus.[3] + The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using + nucleocosmochronology. Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate + that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago. These measurements + suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation + of the galactic halo and the thin disk.[253] Recent analysis of the chemical + signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have + dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation, 10 to 8 + billion years ago, when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at + the same rate as before.[254] |] "", - CalendarEntry (160 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing - "Second major transition in stone tool technology" - "Mode III: The Levallois technique; The Mousterian Industry" + CalendarEntry (4.4 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing + "Formation of the moon" + "A collision of the planet Theia with Earth creates the moon" [text| - (Stone scrapers, knives, and projectile points) - - The technique is first found in the Lower Palaeolithic but is most commonly - associated with the Neanderthal Mousterian industries of the Middle - Palaeolithic. In the Levant, the Levallois technique was also used by - anatomically modern humans during the Middle Stone Age. In North Africa, the - Levallois technique was used in the Middle Stone Age, most notably in the - Aterian industry to produce very small projectile points. While Levallois - cores do display some variability in their platforms, their flake production - surfaces show remarkable uniformity. As the Levallois technique is - counterintuitive, teaching the process is necessary and thus language is a - prerequisite for such technology.[2] - - The Mousterian (or Mode III) is a techno-complex (archaeological industry) - of stone tools, associated primarily with the Neanderthals in Europe, and to - a lesser extent the earliest anatomically modern humans in North Africa and - West Asia. The Mousterian largely defines the latter part of the Middle - Paleolithic, the middle of the West Eurasian Old Stone Age. It lasted - roughly from 160,000 to 40,000 BP. If its predecessor, known as Levallois or - Levallois-Mousterian, is included, the range is extended to as early as c. - 300,000–200,000 BP.[2] The main following period is the Aurignacian (c. - 43,000–28,000 BP) of Homo sapiens. + Astronomers think the collision between Earth and Theia happened at about + 4.4 to 4.45 bya; about 0.1 billion years after the Solar System began to + form.[15][16] In astronomical terms, the impact would have been of moderate + velocity. Theia is thought to have struck Earth at an oblique angle when + Earth was nearly fully formed. Computer simulations of this "late-impact" + scenario suggest an initial impactor velocity at infinity below 4 kilometres + per second (2.5 mi/s), increasing as it fell to over 9.3 km/s (5.8 mi/s) at + impact, and an impact angle of about 45°.[17] However, oxygen isotope + abundance in lunar rock suggests "vigorous mixing" of Theia and Earth, + indicating a steep impact angle.[3][18] Theia's iron core would have sunk + into the young Earth's core, and most of Theia's mantle accreted onto + Earth's mantle. However, a significant portion of the mantle material from + both Theia and Earth would have been ejected into orbit around Earth (if + ejected with velocities between orbital velocity and escape velocity) or + into individual orbits around the Sun (if ejected at higher velocities). + Modelling[19] has hypothesised that material in orbit around Earth may have + accreted to form the Moon in three consecutive phases; accreting first from + the bodies initially present outside Earth's Roche limit, which acted to + confine the inner disk material within the Roche limit. The inner disk + slowly and viscously spread back out to Earth's Roche limit, pushing along + outer bodies via resonant interactions. After several tens of years, the + disk spread beyond the Roche limit, and started producing new objects that + continued the growth of the Moon, until the inner disk was depleted in mass + after several hundreds of years. |] - "", + [text| + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis#Basic_model + https://www.psi.edu/epo/moon/moon.html + |], - CalendarEntry (115 & thousandYearsAgo) (Just $ 11.7 & thousandYearsAgo) - "The Ice Age begins" - "The Last Glacial Period" + CalendarEntry (3.77 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing + "Life on Earth" + "" [text| - The Last Glacial Period (LGP), also known colloquially as the last ice age - or simply ice age,[1] occurred from the end of the Eemian to the end of the - Younger Dryas, encompassing the period c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 years ago. The - LGP is part of a larger sequence of glacial and interglacial periods known - as the Quaternary glaciation which started around 2,588,000 years ago and is - ongoing.[2] The definition of the Quaternary as beginning 2.58 million years - ago (Mya) is based on the formation of the Arctic ice cap. The Antarctic ice - sheet began to form earlier, at about 34 Mya, in the mid-Cenozoic - (Eocene–Oligocene extinction event). The term Late Cenozoic Ice Age is used - to include this early phase.[3] + The earliest time for the origin of life on Earth is at least 3.77 billion + years ago, possibly as early as 4.28 billion years,[2] or even 4.41 billion + years[4][5]—not long after the oceans formed 4.5 billion years ago, and + after the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years ago.[2][3][6][7] |] - "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period", + "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms", - CalendarEntry (50 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing - "Third major transition in stone tool technology" - "Mode IV: The Aurignacian Industry" + CalendarEntry (3.42 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing + "Earliest known life on Earth" + "The fossil record begins" [text| - The widespread use of long blades (rather than flakes) of the Upper - Palaeolithic Mode 4 industries appeared during the Upper Palaeolithic - between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago, although blades were produced in small - quantities much earlier by Neanderthals.[20] The Aurignacian culture seems - to have been the first to rely largely on blades.[21] The use of blades - exponentially increases the efficiency of core usage compared to the - Levallois flake technique, which had a similar advantage over Acheulean - technology which was worked from cores. + The earliest known life forms on Earth are putative fossilized + microorganisms found in hydrothermal vent precipitates, considered to be + about 3.42 billion years old.[1][2] The earliest time for the origin of life + on Earth is at least 3.77 billion years ago, possibly as early as 4.28 + billion years,[2] or even 4.41 billion years[4][5]—not long after the oceans + formed 4.5 billion years ago, and after the formation of the Earth 4.54 + billion years ago.[2][3][6][7] The earliest direct evidence of life on Earth + is from microfossils of microorganisms permineralized in + 3.465-billion-year-old Australian Apex chert rocks.[8][9] |] - "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool#Mode_IV:_The_Aurignacian_Industry", + "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms", - CalendarEntry (35 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing - "Last major transition in stone tool technology" - "Mode V: The Microlithic Industries" + CalendarEntry (3.4 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing + "First photosynthetic bacteria" + "(Still no Oxygen)" [text| - Mode 5 stone tools involve the production of microliths, which were - used in composite tools, mainly fastened to a shaft.[22] Examples include - the Magdalenian culture. Such a technology makes much more efficient use of - available materials like flint, although required greater skill in - manufacturing the small flakes. Mounting sharp flint edges in a wood or bone - handle is the key innovation in microliths, essentially because the handle - gives the user protection against the flint and also improves leverage of - the device. + They absorbed near-infrared rather than visible light and produced sulfur or + sulfate compounds rather than oxygen. Their pigments (possibly + bacteriochlorophylls) were predecessors to chlorophyll. |] - "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool#Mode_V:_The_Microlithic_Industries" - , + "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", - CalendarEntry (12 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing - "Agriculture leads to permanent settlements" - "Neolithic age (\"new stone age\")" + CalendarEntry (2.7 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing + "Oxygen from photosynthesis" [text| - Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago.[2] - However, domestication did not occur until much later. The earliest evidence - of small-scale cultivation of edible grasses is from around 21,000 BC with - the Ohalo II people on the shores of the Sea of Galilee.[3] By around 9500 - BC, the eight Neolithic founder crops – emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, hulled - barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chickpeas, and flax – were cultivated - in the Levant.[4] Rye may have been cultivated earlier, but this claim - remains controversial.[5] Rice was domesticated in China by 6200 BC[6] with - earliest known cultivation from 5700 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki - beans. Rice was also independently domesticated in West Africa and - cultivated by 1000 BC.[7][8] Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around - 11,000 years ago, followed by sheep. Cattle were domesticated from the wild - aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and India around 8500 BC. Camels were - domesticated late, perhaps around 3000 BC. - |] - "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture", - - CalendarEntry (6.5 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing - "First copper tools" - "" - "" - "", - - CalendarEntry (5.3 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing - "First bronze tools, first written language" - "The Bronze Age" - "" - "", - - CalendarEntry (3000 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) (Just $ 2350 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) - "Corded Ware culture" - "Indo-European languages spread across Europe and Asia" - [text| - The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe - between ca. 3000 BCE – 2350 BCE, thus from the late Neolithic, through the - Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age.[2] Corded Ware culture - encompassed a vast area, from the contact zone between the Yamnaya culture - and the Corded Ware culture in south Central Europe, to the Rhine on the - west and the Volga in the east, occupying parts of Northern Europe, Central - Europe and Eastern Europe.[2][3] The Corded Ware culture is thought to have - originated from the westward migration of Yamnaya-related people from the - steppe-forest zone into the territory of late Neolithic European cultures - such as the Globular Amphora and Funnelbeaker cultures,[4][5][6] and is - considered to be a likely vector for the spread of many of the Indo-European - languages in Europe and Asia.[1][7][8][9] - - Corded Ware encompassed most of continental northern Europe from the Rhine - on the west to the Volga in the east, including most of modern-day Germany, - the Netherlands, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Czech - Republic, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Switzerland, northwestern Romania, - northern Ukraine, and the European part of Russia, as well as coastal Norway - and the southern portions of Sweden and Finland.[2] In the Late - Eneolithic/Early Bronze Age, it encompassed the territory of nearly the - entire Balkan Peninsula, where Corded Ware mixed with other steppe - elements.[11] - - Archaeologists note that Corded Ware was not a "unified culture," as Corded - Ware groups inhabiting a vast geographical area from the Rhine to Volga seem - to have regionally specific subsistence strategies and economies.[2]: 226  - There are differences in the material culture and in settlements and - society.[2] At the same time, they had several shared elements that are - characteristic of all Corded Ware groups, such as their burial practices, - pottery with "cord" decoration and unique stone-axes.[2] - |] - "", - - CalendarEntry (2800 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) (Just $ 1800 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) - "Bell Beaker culture" - [text| - copper daggers, v-perforated buttons, stone wrist-guards - copper, bronze, and gold working - long-distance exchange networks, archery - social stratification and the emergence of regional elites - |] - [text| - The Bell Beaker culture (also described as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell - Beaker phenomenon) is an archaeological culture named after the - inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the - European Bronze Age. Arising from around 2800 BC, it lasted in Britain until - as late as 1800 BC[1][2] but in continental Europe only until 2300 BC, when - it was succeeded by the Unetice culture. The culture was widely dispersed - throughout Western Europe, being present in many regions of Iberia and - stretching eastward to the Danubian plains, and northward to the islands of - Great Britain and Ireland, and was also present in the islands of Sicily and - Sardinia and some small coastal areas in north-western Africa. The Bell - Beaker phenomenon shows substantial regional variation, and a study[3] from - 2018 found that it was associated with genetically diverse populations. - - In its mature phase, the Bell Beaker culture is understood as not only a - collection of characteristic artefact types, but a complex cultural - phenomenon involving metalwork in copper and gold, long-distance exchange - networks, archery, specific types of ornamentation, and (presumably) shared - ideological, cultural and religious ideas, as well as social stratification - and the emergence of regional elites.[6][7] A wide range of regional - diversity persists within the widespread late Beaker culture, particularly - in local burial styles (including incidences of cremation rather than - burial), housing styles, economic profile, and local ceramic wares - (Begleitkeramik). Nonetheless, according to Lemercier (2018) the mature - phase of the Beaker culture represents "the appearance of a kind of Bell - Beaker civilization of continental scale."[8] - - Bell Beaker people took advantage of transport by sea and rivers, creating a - cultural spread extending from Ireland to the Carpathian Basin and south - along the Atlantic coast and along the Rhône valley to Portugal, North - Africa, and Sicily, even penetrating northern and central Italy.[50] Its - remains have been found in what is now Portugal, Spain, France (excluding - the central massif), Ireland and Great Britain, the Low Countries and - Germany between the Elbe and Rhine, with an extension along the upper Danube - into the Vienna Basin (Austria), Hungary and the Czech Republic, with - Mediterranean outposts on Sardinia and Sicily; there is less certain - evidence for direct penetration in the east. - |] - "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture", - - CalendarEntry (11.7 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing - "Ice Age ends" - "" - "" - "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period", - - CalendarEntry (1600 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) Nothing - "Dynastic China" - "History begins" - [text| - The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as - early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC), during the king - Wu Ding's reign - - The state-sponsored Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project dated them from c. - 1600 to 1046 BC based on the carbon 14 dates of the Erligang site. - |] - "", - - CalendarEntry (theYear 1492) Nothing - "Columbus arrives in America" - "" - "" - "", - - CalendarEntry (theYear 570) Nothing - "Muhammad born" - "" - "" - "", - - CalendarEntry (6 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) Nothing - "Christ born" - "" - "" - "", - - CalendarEntry (480 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) Nothing - "Old Testament, Buddha" - "" - "" - "", - - CalendarEntry (8.8 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing - "Thin disk of the Milky Way Galaxy" - "Our galaxy begins to form" - [text| - The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using - nucleocosmochronology. Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate - that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago. These measurements - suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation - of the galactic halo and the thin disk.[253] Recent analysis of the chemical - signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have - dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation, 10 to 8 - billion years ago, when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at - the same rate as before.[254] - |] - "", - - CalendarEntry (3.4 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing - "First photosynthetic bacteria" - "(Still no Oxygen)" - [text| - They absorbed near-infrared rather than visible light and produced sulfur or - sulfate compounds rather than oxygen. Their pigments (possibly - bacteriochlorophylls) were predecessors to chlorophyll. - |] - "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", - - CalendarEntry (2.7 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing - "Oxygen from photosynthesis" - [text| - Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) initiates "rusting of the Earth" - The resulting Ozone layer will make life possible on land + Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) initiates "rusting of the Earth" + The resulting Ozone layer will make life possible on land |] [text| These ubiquitous bacteria were the first oxygen producers. They absorb @@ -408,6 +265,27 @@ theCalendar = buildCalendar $ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event |], + CalendarEntry (2.05 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing + "Eukaryotic cells" + "Cells with nucleus (inner membrane holding DNA)" + [text| + Eukaryotes (/juːˈkærioʊts, -əts/) are organisms whose cells have a nucleus + enclosed within a nuclear envelope.[1][2][3] They belong to the group of + organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya; their name comes from the Greek εὖ (eu, + "well" or "good") and κάρυον (karyon, "nut" or "kernel").[4] The domain + Eukaryota makes up one of the three domains of life; bacteria and archaea + (both prokaryotes) make up the other two domains.[5][6] The eukaryotes are + usually now regarded as having emerged in the Archaea or as a sister of the + Asgard archaea.[7][8] This implies that there are only two domains of life, + Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among archaea.[9][10] + Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms;[11] + however, due to their generally much larger size, their collective global + biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes.[11] + Eukaryotes emerged approximately 2.3–1.8 billion years ago, during the + Proterozoic eon, likely as flagellated phagotrophs.[12][13] + |] + "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote", + CalendarEntry (1.2 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing "Red and brown algae" "" @@ -446,54 +324,6 @@ theCalendar = buildCalendar $ |] "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/timeline-of-photosynthesis-on-earth/", - CalendarEntry (2.05 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing - "Eukaryotic cells" - "Cells with nucleus (inner membrane holding DNA)" - [text| - Eukaryotes (/juːˈkærioʊts, -əts/) are organisms whose cells have a nucleus - enclosed within a nuclear envelope.[1][2][3] They belong to the group of - organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya; their name comes from the Greek εὖ (eu, - "well" or "good") and κάρυον (karyon, "nut" or "kernel").[4] The domain - Eukaryota makes up one of the three domains of life; bacteria and archaea - (both prokaryotes) make up the other two domains.[5][6] The eukaryotes are - usually now regarded as having emerged in the Archaea or as a sister of the - Asgard archaea.[7][8] This implies that there are only two domains of life, - Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among archaea.[9][10] - Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms;[11] - however, due to their generally much larger size, their collective global - biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes.[11] - Eukaryotes emerged approximately 2.3–1.8 billion years ago, during the - Proterozoic eon, likely as flagellated phagotrophs.[12][13] - |] - "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote", - - CalendarEntry (3.77 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing - "Life on Earth" - "" - [text| - The earliest time for the origin of life on Earth is at least 3.77 billion - years ago, possibly as early as 4.28 billion years,[2] or even 4.41 billion - years[4][5]—not long after the oceans formed 4.5 billion years ago, and - after the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years ago.[2][3][6][7] - |] - "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms", - - CalendarEntry (3.42 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing - "Earliest known life on Earth" - "" - [text| - The earliest known life forms on Earth are putative fossilized - microorganisms found in hydrothermal vent precipitates, considered to be - about 3.42 billion years old.[1][2] The earliest time for the origin of life - on Earth is at least 3.77 billion years ago, possibly as early as 4.28 - billion years,[2] or even 4.41 billion years[4][5]—not long after the oceans - formed 4.5 billion years ago, and after the formation of the Earth 4.54 - billion years ago.[2][3][6][7] The earliest direct evidence of life on Earth - is from microfossils of microorganisms permineralized in - 3.465-billion-year-old Australian Apex chert rocks.[8][9] - |] - "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms", - CalendarEntry (750 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing "Bones and shells" "" @@ -872,114 +702,311 @@ theCalendar = buildCalendar $ https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/origin-humans-early-societies/a/where-did-humans-come-from |], - CalendarEntry (4.4 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing - "Formation of the moon" - "A collision of the planet Theia with Earth creates the moon" + CalendarEntry (600 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing + "Multicellular life" + "" [text| - Astronomers think the collision between Earth and Theia happened at about - 4.4 to 4.45 bya; about 0.1 billion years after the Solar System began to - form.[15][16] In astronomical terms, the impact would have been of moderate - velocity. Theia is thought to have struck Earth at an oblique angle when - Earth was nearly fully formed. Computer simulations of this "late-impact" - scenario suggest an initial impactor velocity at infinity below 4 kilometres - per second (2.5 mi/s), increasing as it fell to over 9.3 km/s (5.8 mi/s) at - impact, and an impact angle of about 45°.[17] However, oxygen isotope - abundance in lunar rock suggests "vigorous mixing" of Theia and Earth, - indicating a steep impact angle.[3][18] Theia's iron core would have sunk - into the young Earth's core, and most of Theia's mantle accreted onto - Earth's mantle. However, a significant portion of the mantle material from - both Theia and Earth would have been ejected into orbit around Earth (if - ejected with velocities between orbital velocity and escape velocity) or - into individual orbits around the Sun (if ejected at higher velocities). - Modelling[19] has hypothesised that material in orbit around Earth may have - accreted to form the Moon in three consecutive phases; accreting first from - the bodies initially present outside Earth's Roche limit, which acted to - confine the inner disk material within the Roche limit. The inner disk - slowly and viscously spread back out to Earth's Roche limit, pushing along - outer bodies via resonant interactions. After several tens of years, the - disk spread beyond the Roche limit, and started producing new objects that - continued the growth of the Moon, until the inner disk was depleted in mass - after several hundreds of years. |] + "", + + CalendarEntry (2.6 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing + "First Stone Tools" [text| - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis#Basic_model - https://www.psi.edu/epo/moon/moon.html - |], + Mode I: The Oldowan Industry + Stone flakes with sharp edges for cutting + |] + [text| + The earliest known Oldowan tools yet found date from 2.6 million years ago, + during the Lower Palaeolithic period, and have been uncovered at Gona in + Ethiopia.[16] After this date, the Oldowan Industry subsequently spread + throughout much of Africa, although archaeologists are currently unsure + which Hominan species first developed them, with some speculating that it + was Australopithecus garhi, and others believing that it was in fact Homo + habilis.[17] - CalendarEntry (600 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing - "Multicellular life" - "" + Homo habilis was the hominin who used the tools for most of the Oldowan in + Africa, but at about 1.9-1.8 million years ago Homo erectus inherited them. + The Industry flourished in southern and eastern Africa between 2.6 and 1.7 + million years ago, but was also spread out of Africa and into Eurasia by + travelling bands of H. erectus, who took it as far east as Java by 1.8 + million years ago and Northern China by 1.6 million years ago. + |] + "", + + CalendarEntry (1.8 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing + "First major transition in stone tool technology" + [text| + Mode II: The Acheulean Industry + Stone hand-axes shaped symmetrically from two sides + |] + [text| + From the Konso Formation of Ethiopia, Acheulean hand-axes are dated to about + 1.5 million years ago using radiometric dating of deposits containing + volcanic ashes.[6] Acheulean tools in South Asia have also been found to be + dated as far as 1.5 million years ago.[7] However, the earliest accepted + examples of the Acheulean currently known come from the West Turkana region + of Kenya and were first described by a French-led archaeology team.[8] These + particular Acheulean tools were recently dated through the method of + magnetostratigraphy to about 1.76 million years ago, making them the oldest + not only in Africa but the world.[9] The earliest user of Acheulean tools + was Homo ergaster, who first appeared about 1.8 million years ago. Not all + researchers use this formal name, and instead prefer to call these users + early Homo erectus.[3] + |] + "", + + CalendarEntry (160 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing + "Second major transition in stone tool technology" + [text| + Mode III: The Levallois technique; The Mousterian Industry + Stone scrapers, knives, and projectile points + |] + [text| + Levallois is a "prepared-core" technique: one face of a stone core is fully + shaped by knapping in perparation. Then a large sharp flake is created by + cracking off the entire prepared face in one final stroke. + + The technique is first found in the Lower Palaeolithic but is most commonly + associated with the Neanderthal Mousterian industries of the Middle + Palaeolithic. In the Levant, the Levallois technique was also used by + anatomically modern humans during the Middle Stone Age. In North Africa, the + Levallois technique was used in the Middle Stone Age, most notably in the + Aterian industry to produce very small projectile points. While Levallois + cores do display some variability in their platforms, their flake production + surfaces show remarkable uniformity. As the Levallois technique is + counterintuitive, teaching the process is necessary and thus language is a + prerequisite for such technology.[2] + + The Mousterian (or Mode III) is a techno-complex (archaeological industry) + of stone tools, associated primarily with the Neanderthals in Europe, and to + a lesser extent the earliest anatomically modern humans in North Africa and + West Asia. The Mousterian largely defines the latter part of the Middle + Paleolithic, the middle of the West Eurasian Old Stone Age. It lasted + roughly from 160,000 to 40,000 BP. If its predecessor, known as Levallois or + Levallois-Mousterian, is included, the range is extended to as early as c. + 300,000–200,000 BP.[2] The main following period is the Aurignacian (c. + 43,000–28,000 BP) of Homo sapiens. + |] + "", + + CalendarEntry (115 & thousandYearsAgo) (Just $ 11.7 & thousandYearsAgo) + "The Ice Age begins" + "Glaciers cover most land on Earth, joining Asia to North America" + [text| + The Last Glacial Period (LGP), also known colloquially as the last ice age + or simply ice age,[1] occurred from the end of the Eemian to the end of the + Younger Dryas, encompassing the period c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 years ago. The + LGP is part of a larger sequence of glacial and interglacial periods known + as the Quaternary glaciation which started around 2,588,000 years ago and is + ongoing.[2] The definition of the Quaternary as beginning 2.58 million years + ago (Mya) is based on the formation of the Arctic ice cap. The Antarctic ice + sheet began to form earlier, at about 34 Mya, in the mid-Cenozoic + (Eocene–Oligocene extinction event). The term Late Cenozoic Ice Age is used + to include this early phase.[3] + |] + "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period", + + CalendarEntry (50 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing + "Third major transition in stone tool technology" + [text| + Mode IV: The Aurignacian Industry + Long stone blades + |] + [text| + The widespread use of long blades (rather than flakes) of the Upper + Palaeolithic Mode 4 industries appeared during the Upper Palaeolithic + between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago, although blades were produced in small + quantities much earlier by Neanderthals.[20] The Aurignacian culture seems + to have been the first to rely largely on blades.[21] The use of blades + exponentially increases the efficiency of core usage compared to the + Levallois flake technique, which had a similar advantage over Acheulean + technology which was worked from cores. + |] + "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool#Mode_IV:_The_Aurignacian_Industry", + + CalendarEntry (35 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing + "Last major transition in stone tool technology" + [text| + Mode V: The Microlithic Industries + Stone blades fastened to wood or bone handles + |] [text| + Mode 5 stone tools involve the production of microliths, which were + used in composite tools, mainly fastened to a shaft.[22] Examples include + the Magdalenian culture. Such a technology makes much more efficient use of + available materials like flint, although required greater skill in + manufacturing the small flakes. Mounting sharp flint edges in a wood or bone + handle is the key innovation in microliths, essentially because the handle + gives the user protection against the flint and also improves leverage of + the device. |] + "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool#Mode_V:_The_Microlithic_Industries" + , + + CalendarEntry (12 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing + "Agriculture leads to permanent settlements" + "Neolithic age (\"new stone age\")" + [text| + Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago.[2] + However, domestication did not occur until much later. The earliest evidence + of small-scale cultivation of edible grasses is from around 21,000 BC with + the Ohalo II people on the shores of the Sea of Galilee.[3] By around 9500 + BC, the eight Neolithic founder crops – emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, hulled + barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chickpeas, and flax – were cultivated + in the Levant.[4] Rye may have been cultivated earlier, but this claim + remains controversial.[5] Rice was domesticated in China by 6200 BC[6] with + earliest known cultivation from 5700 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki + beans. Rice was also independently domesticated in West Africa and + cultivated by 1000 BC.[7][8] Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around + 11,000 years ago, followed by sheep. Cattle were domesticated from the wild + aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and India around 8500 BC. Camels were + domesticated late, perhaps around 3000 BC. + |] + "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture", + + CalendarEntry (6.5 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing + "First copper tools" + "" "" - ] + "", - where - theYear = yearsAgo . toRational . (currentYear -) - yearsBeforeCommonEra = yearsAgo . toRational . ((+) (currentYear - 1)) - earthDescription = [text| - The standard model for the formation of the Solar System (including the - Earth) is the solar nebula hypothesis.[23] In this model, the Solar System - formed from a large, rotating cloud of interstellar dust and gas called the - solar nebula. It was composed of hydrogen and helium created shortly after - the Big Bang 13.8 Ga (billion years ago) and heavier elements ejected by - supernovae. About 4.5 Ga, the nebula began a contraction that may have been - triggered by the shock wave from a nearby supernova.[24] A shock wave would - have also made the nebula rotate. As the cloud began to accelerate, its - angular momentum, gravity, and inertia flattened it into a protoplanetary - disk perpendicular to its axis of rotation. Small perturbations due to - collisions and the angular momentum of other large debris created the means - by which kilometer-sized protoplanets began to form, orbiting the nebular - center.[25] + CalendarEntry (5.3 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing + "First bronze tools, first written language" + "The Bronze Age" + "" + "", - The center of the nebula, not having much angular momentum, collapsed - rapidly, the compression heating it until nuclear fusion of hydrogen into - helium began. After more contraction, a T Tauri star ignited and evolved - into the Sun. Meanwhile, in the outer part of the nebula gravity caused - matter to condense around density perturbations and dust particles, and the - rest of the protoplanetary disk began separating into rings. In a process - known as runaway accretion, successively larger fragments of dust and debris - clumped together to form planets.[25] Earth formed in this manner about 4.54 - billion years ago (with an uncertainty of 1%)[26][27][4] and was largely - completed within 10–20 million years.[28] The solar wind of the newly formed - T Tauri star cleared out most of the material in the disk that had not - already condensed into larger bodies. The same process is expected to - produce accretion disks around virtually all newly forming stars in the - universe, some of which yield planets.[29] + CalendarEntry (3000 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) (Just $ 2350 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) + "Corded Ware culture" + "Indo-European languages spread across Europe and Asia" + [text| + The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe + between ca. 3000 BCE – 2350 BCE, thus from the late Neolithic, through the + Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age.[2] Corded Ware culture + encompassed a vast area, from the contact zone between the Yamnaya culture + and the Corded Ware culture in south Central Europe, to the Rhine on the + west and the Volga in the east, occupying parts of Northern Europe, Central + Europe and Eastern Europe.[2][3] The Corded Ware culture is thought to have + originated from the westward migration of Yamnaya-related people from the + steppe-forest zone into the territory of late Neolithic European cultures + such as the Globular Amphora and Funnelbeaker cultures,[4][5][6] and is + considered to be a likely vector for the spread of many of the Indo-European + languages in Europe and Asia.[1][7][8][9] + + Corded Ware encompassed most of continental northern Europe from the Rhine + on the west to the Volga in the east, including most of modern-day Germany, + the Netherlands, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Czech + Republic, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Switzerland, northwestern Romania, + northern Ukraine, and the European part of Russia, as well as coastal Norway + and the southern portions of Sweden and Finland.[2] In the Late + Eneolithic/Early Bronze Age, it encompassed the territory of nearly the + entire Balkan Peninsula, where Corded Ware mixed with other steppe + elements.[11] + + Archaeologists note that Corded Ware was not a "unified culture," as Corded + Ware groups inhabiting a vast geographical area from the Rhine to Volga seem + to have regionally specific subsistence strategies and economies.[2]: 226  + There are differences in the material culture and in settlements and + society.[2] At the same time, they had several shared elements that are + characteristic of all Corded Ware groups, such as their burial practices, + pottery with "cord" decoration and unique stone-axes.[2] |] - recombinationDescription = [text| - At about 370,000 years,[3][4][5][6] neutral hydrogen atoms finish forming - ("recombination"), and as a result the universe also became transparent for - the first time. The newly formed atoms—mainly hydrogen and helium with - traces of lithium—quickly reach their lowest energy state (ground state) by - releasing photons ("photon decoupling"), and these photons can still be - detected today as the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This is the oldest - direct observation we currently have of the universe. + "", + + CalendarEntry (2800 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) (Just $ 1800 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) + "Bell Beaker culture" + [text| + copper daggers, v-perforated buttons, stone wrist-guards + copper, bronze, and gold working + long-distance exchange networks, archery + social stratification and the emergence of regional elites |] - recombinationReferences = [text| - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe#The_very_early_universe + [text| + The Bell Beaker culture (also described as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell + Beaker phenomenon) is an archaeological culture named after the + inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the + European Bronze Age. Arising from around 2800 BC, it lasted in Britain until + as late as 1800 BC[1][2] but in continental Europe only until 2300 BC, when + it was succeeded by the Unetice culture. The culture was widely dispersed + throughout Western Europe, being present in many regions of Iberia and + stretching eastward to the Danubian plains, and northward to the islands of + Great Britain and Ireland, and was also present in the islands of Sicily and + Sardinia and some small coastal areas in north-western Africa. The Bell + Beaker phenomenon shows substantial regional variation, and a study[3] from + 2018 found that it was associated with genetically diverse populations. - 3. Tanabashi, M. 2018, p. 358, chpt. 21.4.1: "Big-Bang Cosmology" (Revised - September 2017) by Keith A. Olive and John A. Peacock. + In its mature phase, the Bell Beaker culture is understood as not only a + collection of characteristic artefact types, but a complex cultural + phenomenon involving metalwork in copper and gold, long-distance exchange + networks, archery, specific types of ornamentation, and (presumably) shared + ideological, cultural and religious ideas, as well as social stratification + and the emergence of regional elites.[6][7] A wide range of regional + diversity persists within the widespread late Beaker culture, particularly + in local burial styles (including incidences of cremation rather than + burial), housing styles, economic profile, and local ceramic wares + (Begleitkeramik). Nonetheless, according to Lemercier (2018) the mature + phase of the Beaker culture represents "the appearance of a kind of Bell + Beaker civilization of continental scale."[8] - 4. Notes: Edward L. Wright's Javascript Cosmology Calculator (last modified - 23 July 2018). With a default H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} H_{0} = 69.6 (based - on WMAP9+SPT+ACT+6dFGS+BOSS/DR11+H0/Riess) parameters, the calculated age of - the universe with a redshift of z = 1100 is in agreement with Olive and - Peacock (about 370,000 years). + Bell Beaker people took advantage of transport by sea and rivers, creating a + cultural spread extending from Ireland to the Carpathian Basin and south + along the Atlantic coast and along the Rhône valley to Portugal, North + Africa, and Sicily, even penetrating northern and central Italy.[50] Its + remains have been found in what is now Portugal, Spain, France (excluding + the central massif), Ireland and Great Britain, the Low Countries and + Germany between the Elbe and Rhine, with an extension along the upper Danube + into the Vienna Basin (Austria), Hungary and the Czech Republic, with + Mediterranean outposts on Sardinia and Sicily; there is less certain + evidence for direct penetration in the east. + |] + "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture", - 5. Hinshaw, Weiland & Hill 2009. See PDF: page 45, Table 7, Age at - decoupling, last column. Based on WMAP+BAO+SN parameters, the age of - decoupling occurred 376971+3162−3167 years after the Big Bang. + CalendarEntry (11.7 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing + "Ice Age ends" + "" + "" + "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period", - 6. Ryden 2006, pp. 194–195. "Without going into the details of the - non-equilibrium physics, let's content ourselves by saying, in round - numbers, zdec ≈ 1100, corresponding to a temperature Tdec ≈ 3000 K, when the - age of the universe was tdec ≈ 350,000 yr in the Benchmark Model. (...) The - relevant times of various events around the time of recombination are shown - in Table 9.1. (...) Note that all these times are approximate, and are - dependent on the cosmological model you choose. (I have chosen the Benchmark - Model in calculating these numbers.)" + CalendarEntry (1600 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) Nothing + "Dynastic China" + "History begins" + [text| + The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as + early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC), during the king + Wu Ding's reign - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)#cite_note-2 + The state-sponsored Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project dated them from c. + 1600 to 1046 BC based on the carbon 14 dates of the Erligang site. |] + "", + + CalendarEntry (480 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) Nothing + "Old Testament, Buddha" + "" + "" + "", + + CalendarEntry (6 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) Nothing + "Christ born" + "" + "" + "", + + -- CalendarEntry (300 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) Nothing + -- "Eratosthenes calculates the circumference of Earth" + -- "" + -- "" + -- "", + + CalendarEntry (theYear 570) Nothing + "Muhammad born" + "" + "" + "", + + CalendarEntry (theYear 1492) Nothing + "Columbus arrives in America" + "" + "" + "" + ] -- cgit v1.2.3