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+SSH-KEYGEN(1)              OpenBSD Reference Manual              SSH-KEYGEN(1)
+
+NAME
+     ssh-keygen - authentication key generation, management and conversion
+
+SYNOPSIS
+     ssh-keygen [-q] [-b bits] -t type [-N new_passphrase] [-C comment]
+                [-f output_keyfile]
+     ssh-keygen -p [-P old_passphrase] [-N new_passphrase] [-f keyfile]
+     ssh-keygen -i [-m key_format] [-f input_keyfile]
+     ssh-keygen -e [-m key_format] [-f input_keyfile]
+     ssh-keygen -y [-f input_keyfile]
+     ssh-keygen -c [-P passphrase] [-C comment] [-f keyfile]
+     ssh-keygen -l [-f input_keyfile]
+     ssh-keygen -B [-f input_keyfile]
+     ssh-keygen -D pkcs11
+     ssh-keygen -F hostname [-f known_hosts_file] [-l]
+     ssh-keygen -H [-f known_hosts_file]
+     ssh-keygen -R hostname [-f known_hosts_file]
+     ssh-keygen -r hostname [-f input_keyfile] [-g]
+     ssh-keygen -G output_file [-v] [-b bits] [-M memory] [-S start_point]
+     ssh-keygen -T output_file -f input_file [-v] [-a num_trials]
+                [-W generator]
+     ssh-keygen -s ca_key -I certificate_identity [-h] [-n principals]
+                [-O option] [-V validity_interval] [-z serial_number] file ...
+     ssh-keygen -L [-f input_keyfile]
+
+DESCRIPTION
+     ssh-keygen generates, manages and converts authentication keys for
+     ssh(1).  ssh-keygen can create RSA keys for use by SSH protocol version 1
+     and DSA, ECDSA or RSA keys for use by SSH protocol version 2.  The type
+     of key to be generated is specified with the -t option.  If invoked
+     without any arguments, ssh-keygen will generate an RSA key for use in SSH
+     protocol 2 connections.
+
+     ssh-keygen is also used to generate groups for use in Diffie-Hellman
+     group exchange (DH-GEX).  See the MODULI GENERATION section for details.
+
+     Normally each user wishing to use SSH with public key authentication runs
+     this once to create the authentication key in ~/.ssh/identity,
+     ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa, ~/.ssh/id_dsa or ~/.ssh/id_rsa.  Additionally, the
+     system administrator may use this to generate host keys, as seen in
+     /etc/rc.
+
+     Normally this program generates the key and asks for a file in which to
+     store the private key.  The public key is stored in a file with the same
+     name but ``.pub'' appended.  The program also asks for a passphrase.  The
+     passphrase may be empty to indicate no passphrase (host keys must have an
+     empty passphrase), or it may be a string of arbitrary length.  A
+     passphrase is similar to a password, except it can be a phrase with a
+     series of words, punctuation, numbers, whitespace, or any string of
+     characters you want.  Good passphrases are 10-30 characters long, are not
+     simple sentences or otherwise easily guessable (English prose has only 1-
+     2 bits of entropy per character, and provides very bad passphrases), and
+     contain a mix of upper and lowercase letters, numbers, and non-
+     alphanumeric characters.  The passphrase can be changed later by using
+     the -p option.
+
+     There is no way to recover a lost passphrase.  If the passphrase is lost
+     or forgotten, a new key must be generated and copied to the corresponding
+     public key to other machines.
+
+     For RSA1 keys, there is also a comment field in the key file that is only
+     for convenience to the user to help identify the key.  The comment can
+     tell what the key is for, or whatever is useful.  The comment is
+     initialized to ``user@host'' when the key is created, but can be changed
+     using the -c option.
+
+     After a key is generated, instructions below detail where the keys should
+     be placed to be activated.
+
+     The options are as follows:
+
+     -a trials
+             Specifies the number of primality tests to perform when screening
+             DH-GEX candidates using the -T command.
+
+     -B      Show the bubblebabble digest of specified private or public key
+             file.
+
+     -b bits
+             Specifies the number of bits in the key to create.  For RSA keys,
+             the minimum size is 768 bits and the default is 2048 bits.
+             Generally, 2048 bits is considered sufficient.  DSA keys must be
+             exactly 1024 bits as specified by FIPS 186-2.
+
+     -C comment
+             Provides a new comment.
+
+     -c      Requests changing the comment in the private and public key
+             files.  This operation is only supported for RSA1 keys.  The
+             program will prompt for the file containing the private keys, for
+             the passphrase if the key has one, and for the new comment.
+
+     -D pkcs11
+             Download the RSA public keys provided by the PKCS#11 shared
+             library pkcs11.  When used in combination with -s, this option
+             indicates that a CA key resides in a PKCS#11 token (see the
+             CERTIFICATES section for details).
+
+     -e      This option will read a private or public OpenSSH key file and
+             print to stdout the key in one of the formats specified by the -m
+             option.  The default export format is ``RFC4716''.  This option
+             allows exporting OpenSSH keys for use by other programs,
+             including several commercial SSH implementations.
+
+     -F hostname
+             Search for the specified hostname in a known_hosts file, listing
+             any occurrences found.  This option is useful to find hashed host
+             names or addresses and may also be used in conjunction with the
+             -H option to print found keys in a hashed format.
+
+     -f filename
+             Specifies the filename of the key file.
+
+     -G output_file
+             Generate candidate primes for DH-GEX.  These primes must be
+             screened for safety (using the -T option) before use.
+
+     -g      Use generic DNS format when printing fingerprint resource records
+             using the -r command.
+
+     -H      Hash a known_hosts file.  This replaces all hostnames and
+             addresses with hashed representations within the specified file;
+             the original content is moved to a file with a .old suffix.
+             These hashes may be used normally by ssh and sshd, but they do
+             not reveal identifying information should the file's contents be
+             disclosed.  This option will not modify existing hashed hostnames
+             and is therefore safe to use on files that mix hashed and non-
+             hashed names.
+
+     -h      When signing a key, create a host certificate instead of a user
+             certificate.  Please see the CERTIFICATES section for details.
+
+     -I certificate_identity
+             Specify the key identity when signing a public key.  Please see
+             the CERTIFICATES section for details.
+
+     -i      This option will read an unencrypted private (or public) key file
+             in the format specified by the -m option and print an OpenSSH
+             compatible private (or public) key to stdout.  This option allows
+             importing keys from other software, including several commercial
+             SSH implementations.  The default import format is ``RFC4716''.
+
+     -L      Prints the contents of a certificate.
+
+     -l      Show fingerprint of specified public key file.  Private RSA1 keys
+             are also supported.  For RSA and DSA keys ssh-keygen tries to
+             find the matching public key file and prints its fingerprint.  If
+             combined with -v, an ASCII art representation of the key is
+             supplied with the fingerprint.
+
+     -M memory
+             Specify the amount of memory to use (in megabytes) when
+             generating candidate moduli for DH-GEX.
+
+     -m key_format
+             Specify a key format for the -i (import) or -e (export)
+             conversion options.  The supported key formats are: ``RFC4716''
+             (RFC 4716/SSH2 public or private key), ``PKCS8'' (PEM PKCS8
+             public key) or ``PEM'' (PEM public key).  The default conversion
+             format is ``RFC4716''.
+
+     -N new_passphrase
+             Provides the new passphrase.
+
+     -n principals
+             Specify one or more principals (user or host names) to be
+             included in a certificate when signing a key.  Multiple
+             principals may be specified, separated by commas.  Please see the
+             CERTIFICATES section for details.
+
+     -O option
+             Specify a certificate option when signing a key.  This option may
+             be specified multiple times.  Please see the CERTIFICATES section
+             for details.  The options that are valid for user certificates
+             are:
+
+             clear   Clear all enabled permissions.  This is useful for
+                     clearing the default set of permissions so permissions
+                     may be added individually.
+
+             force-command=command
+                     Forces the execution of command instead of any shell or
+                     command specified by the user when the certificate is
+                     used for authentication.
+
+             no-agent-forwarding
+                     Disable ssh-agent(1) forwarding (permitted by default).
+
+             no-port-forwarding
+                     Disable port forwarding (permitted by default).
+
+             no-pty  Disable PTY allocation (permitted by default).
+
+             no-user-rc
+                     Disable execution of ~/.ssh/rc by sshd(8) (permitted by
+                     default).
+
+             no-x11-forwarding
+                     Disable X11 forwarding (permitted by default).
+
+             permit-agent-forwarding
+                     Allows ssh-agent(1) forwarding.
+
+             permit-port-forwarding
+                     Allows port forwarding.
+
+             permit-pty
+                     Allows PTY allocation.
+
+             permit-user-rc
+                     Allows execution of ~/.ssh/rc by sshd(8).
+
+             permit-x11-forwarding
+                     Allows X11 forwarding.
+
+             source-address=address_list
+                     Restrict the source addresses from which the certificate
+                     is considered valid.  The address_list is a comma-
+                     separated list of one or more address/netmask pairs in
+                     CIDR format.
+
+             At present, no options are valid for host keys.
+
+     -P passphrase
+             Provides the (old) passphrase.
+
+     -p      Requests changing the passphrase of a private key file instead of
+             creating a new private key.  The program will prompt for the file
+             containing the private key, for the old passphrase, and twice for
+             the new passphrase.
+
+     -q      Silence ssh-keygen.  Used by /etc/rc when creating a new key.
+
+     -R hostname
+             Removes all keys belonging to hostname from a known_hosts file.
+             This option is useful to delete hashed hosts (see the -H option
+             above).
+
+     -r hostname
+             Print the SSHFP fingerprint resource record named hostname for
+             the specified public key file.
+
+     -S start
+             Specify start point (in hex) when generating candidate moduli for
+             DH-GEX.
+
+     -s ca_key
+             Certify (sign) a public key using the specified CA key.  Please
+             see the CERTIFICATES section for details.
+
+     -T output_file
+             Test DH group exchange candidate primes (generated using the -G
+             option) for safety.
+
+     -t type
+             Specifies the type of key to create.  The possible values are
+             ``rsa1'' for protocol version 1 and ``dsa'', ``ecdsa'' or ``rsa''
+             for protocol version 2.
+
+     -V validity_interval
+             Specify a validity interval when signing a certificate.  A
+             validity interval may consist of a single time, indicating that
+             the certificate is valid beginning now and expiring at that time,
+             or may consist of two times separated by a colon to indicate an
+             explicit time interval.  The start time may be specified as a
+             date in YYYYMMDD format, a time in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS format or a
+             relative time (to the current time) consisting of a minus sign
+             followed by a relative time in the format described in the TIME
+             FORMATS section of sshd_config(5).  The end time may be specified
+             as a YYYYMMDD date, a YYYYMMDDHHMMSS time or a relative time
+             starting with a plus character.
+
+             For example: ``+52w1d'' (valid from now to 52 weeks and one day
+             from now), ``-4w:+4w'' (valid from four weeks ago to four weeks
+             from now), ``20100101123000:20110101123000'' (valid from 12:30
+             PM, January 1st, 2010 to 12:30 PM, January 1st, 2011),
+             ``-1d:20110101'' (valid from yesterday to midnight, January 1st,
+             2011).
+
+     -v      Verbose mode.  Causes ssh-keygen to print debugging messages
+             about its progress.  This is helpful for debugging moduli
+             generation.  Multiple -v options increase the verbosity.  The
+             maximum is 3.
+
+     -W generator
+             Specify desired generator when testing candidate moduli for DH-
+             GEX.
+
+     -y      This option will read a private OpenSSH format file and print an
+             OpenSSH public key to stdout.
+
+     -z serial_number
+             Specifies a serial number to be embedded in the certificate to
+             distinguish this certificate from others from the same CA.  The
+             default serial number is zero.
+
+MODULI GENERATION
+     ssh-keygen may be used to generate groups for the Diffie-Hellman Group
+     Exchange (DH-GEX) protocol.  Generating these groups is a two-step
+     process: first, candidate primes are generated using a fast, but memory
+     intensive process.  These candidate primes are then tested for
+     suitability (a CPU-intensive process).
+
+     Generation of primes is performed using the -G option.  The desired
+     length of the primes may be specified by the -b option.  For example:
+
+           # ssh-keygen -G moduli-2048.candidates -b 2048
+
+     By default, the search for primes begins at a random point in the desired
+     length range.  This may be overridden using the -S option, which
+     specifies a different start point (in hex).
+
+     Once a set of candidates have been generated, they must be tested for
+     suitability.  This may be performed using the -T option.  In this mode
+     ssh-keygen will read candidates from standard input (or a file specified
+     using the -f option).  For example:
+
+           # ssh-keygen -T moduli-2048 -f moduli-2048.candidates
+
+     By default, each candidate will be subjected to 100 primality tests.
+     This may be overridden using the -a option.  The DH generator value will
+     be chosen automatically for the prime under consideration.  If a specific
+     generator is desired, it may be requested using the -W option.  Valid
+     generator values are 2, 3, and 5.
+
+     Screened DH groups may be installed in /etc/moduli.  It is important that
+     this file contains moduli of a range of bit lengths and that both ends of
+     a connection share common moduli.
+
+CERTIFICATES
+     ssh-keygen supports signing of keys to produce certificates that may be
+     used for user or host authentication.  Certificates consist of a public
+     key, some identity information, zero or more principal (user or host)
+     names and a set of options that are signed by a Certification Authority
+     (CA) key.  Clients or servers may then trust only the CA key and verify
+     its signature on a certificate rather than trusting many user/host keys.
+     Note that OpenSSH certificates are a different, and much simpler, format
+     to the X.509 certificates used in ssl(8).
+
+     ssh-keygen supports two types of certificates: user and host.  User
+     certificates authenticate users to servers, whereas host certificates
+     authenticate server hosts to users.  To generate a user certificate:
+
+           $ ssh-keygen -s /path/to/ca_key -I key_id /path/to/user_key.pub
+
+     The resultant certificate will be placed in /path/to/user_key-cert.pub.
+     A host certificate requires the -h option:
+
+           $ ssh-keygen -s /path/to/ca_key -I key_id -h /path/to/host_key.pub
+
+     The host certificate will be output to /path/to/host_key-cert.pub.
+
+     It is possible to sign using a CA key stored in a PKCS#11 token by
+     providing the token library using -D and identifying the CA key by
+     providing its public half as an argument to -s:
+
+           $ ssh-keygen -s ca_key.pub -D libpkcs11.so -I key_id host_key.pub
+
+     In all cases, key_id is a "key identifier" that is logged by the server
+     when the certificate is used for authentication.
+
+     Certificates may be limited to be valid for a set of principal
+     (user/host) names.  By default, generated certificates are valid for all
+     users or hosts.  To generate a certificate for a specified set of
+     principals:
+
+           $ ssh-keygen -s ca_key -I key_id -n user1,user2 user_key.pub
+           $ ssh-keygen -s ca_key -I key_id -h -n host.domain user_key.pub
+
+     Additional limitations on the validity and use of user certificates may
+     be specified through certificate options.  A certificate option may
+     disable features of the SSH session, may be valid only when presented
+     from particular source addresses or may force the use of a specific
+     command.  For a list of valid certificate options, see the documentation
+     for the -O option above.
+
+     Finally, certificates may be defined with a validity lifetime.  The -V
+     option allows specification of certificate start and end times.  A
+     certificate that is presented at a time outside this range will not be
+     considered valid.  By default, certificates have a maximum validity
+     interval.
+
+     For certificates to be used for user or host authentication, the CA
+     public key must be trusted by sshd(8) or ssh(1).  Please refer to those
+     manual pages for details.
+
+FILES
+     ~/.ssh/identity
+             Contains the protocol version 1 RSA authentication identity of
+             the user.  This file should not be readable by anyone but the
+             user.  It is possible to specify a passphrase when generating the
+             key; that passphrase will be used to encrypt the private part of
+             this file using 3DES.  This file is not automatically accessed by
+             ssh-keygen but it is offered as the default file for the private
+             key.  ssh(1) will read this file when a login attempt is made.
+
+     ~/.ssh/identity.pub
+             Contains the protocol version 1 RSA public key for
+             authentication.  The contents of this file should be added to
+             ~/.ssh/authorized_keys on all machines where the user wishes to
+             log in using RSA authentication.  There is no need to keep the
+             contents of this file secret.
+
+     ~/.ssh/id_dsa
+     ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa
+     ~/.ssh/id_rsa
+             Contains the protocol version 2 DSA, ECDSA or RSA authentication
+             identity of the user.  This file should not be readable by anyone
+             but the user.  It is possible to specify a passphrase when
+             generating the key; that passphrase will be used to encrypt the
+             private part of this file using 128-bit AES.  This file is not
+             automatically accessed by ssh-keygen but it is offered as the
+             default file for the private key.  ssh(1) will read this file
+             when a login attempt is made.
+
+     ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
+     ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub
+     ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
+             Contains the protocol version 2 DSA, ECDSA or RSA public key for
+             authentication.  The contents of this file should be added to
+             ~/.ssh/authorized_keys on all machines where the user wishes to
+             log in using public key authentication.  There is no need to keep
+             the contents of this file secret.
+
+     /etc/moduli
+             Contains Diffie-Hellman groups used for DH-GEX.  The file format
+             is described in moduli(5).
+
+SEE ALSO
+     ssh(1), ssh-add(1), ssh-agent(1), moduli(5), sshd(8)
+
+     The Secure Shell (SSH) Public Key File Format, RFC 4716, 2006.
+
+AUTHORS
+     OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by
+     Tatu Ylonen.  Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo
+     de Raadt and Dug Song removed many bugs, re-added newer features and
+     created OpenSSH.  Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH protocol
+     versions 1.5 and 2.0.
+
+OpenBSD 4.8                    October 28, 2010                    OpenBSD 4.8