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1MODULI(5) OpenBSD Programmer's Manual MODULI(5) 1MODULI(5) OpenBSD Programmer's Manual MODULI(5)
2 2
3NAME 3NAME
4 moduli - Diffie Hellman moduli 4 moduli - Diffie-Hellman moduli
5 5
6DESCRIPTION 6DESCRIPTION
7 The /etc/moduli file contains prime numbers and generators for use by 7 The /etc/moduli file contains prime numbers and generators for use by
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ DESCRIPTION
10 New moduli may be generated with ssh-keygen(1) using a two-step process. 10 New moduli may be generated with ssh-keygen(1) using a two-step process.
11 An initial candidate generation pass, using ssh-keygen -G, calculates 11 An initial candidate generation pass, using ssh-keygen -G, calculates
12 numbers that are likely to be useful. A second primality testing pass, 12 numbers that are likely to be useful. A second primality testing pass,
13 using ssh-keygen -T provides a high degree of assurance that the numbers 13 using ssh-keygen -T, provides a high degree of assurance that the numbers
14 are prime and are safe for use in Diffie Hellman operations by sshd(8). 14 are prime and are safe for use in Diffie-Hellman operations by sshd(8).
15 This moduli format is used as the output from each pass. 15 This moduli format is used as the output from each pass.
16 16
17 The file consists of newline-separated records, one per modulus, 17 The file consists of newline-separated records, one per modulus,
18 containing seven space separated fields. These fields are as follows: 18 containing seven space-separated fields. These fields are as follows:
19 19
20 timestamp The time that the modulus was last processed as 20 timestamp The time that the modulus was last processed as
21 YYYYMMDDHHMMSS. 21 YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ DESCRIPTION
23 type Decimal number specifying the internal structure of 23 type Decimal number specifying the internal structure of
24 the prime modulus. Supported types are: 24 the prime modulus. Supported types are:
25 25
26 0 Unknown, not tested 26 0 Unknown, not tested.
27 2 "Safe" prime; (p-1)/2 is also prime. 27 2 "Safe" prime; (p-1)/2 is also prime.
28 4 Sophie Germain; (p+1)*2 is also prime. 28 4 Sophie Germain; (p+1)*2 is also prime.
29 29
30 Moduli candidates initially produced by ssh-keygen(1) 30 Moduli candidates initially produced by ssh-keygen(1)
31 are Sophie Germain primes (type 4). Futher primality 31 are Sophie Germain primes (type 4). Further primality
32 testing with ssh-keygen(1) produces safe prime moduli 32 testing with ssh-keygen(1) produces safe prime moduli
33 (type 2) that are ready for use in sshd(8). Other 33 (type 2) that are ready for use in sshd(8). Other
34 types are not used by OpenSSH. 34 types are not used by OpenSSH.
@@ -37,18 +37,18 @@ DESCRIPTION
37 that the number has been subjected to represented as a 37 that the number has been subjected to represented as a
38 bitmask of the following values: 38 bitmask of the following values:
39 39
40 0x00 Not tested 40 0x00 Not tested.
41 0x01 Composite number - not prime. 41 0x01 Composite number - not prime.
42 0x02 Sieve of Eratosthenes 42 0x02 Sieve of Eratosthenes.
43 0x04 Probabalistic Miller-Rabin primality tests. 43 0x04 Probabilistic Miller-Rabin primality tests.
44 44
45 The ssh-keygen(1) moduli candidate generation uses the 45 The ssh-keygen(1) moduli candidate generation uses the
46 Sieve of Eratosthenes (flag 0x02). Subsequent 46 Sieve of Eratosthenes (flag 0x02). Subsequent
47 ssh-keygen(1) primality tests are Miller-Rabin tests 47 ssh-keygen(1) primality tests are Miller-Rabin tests
48 (flag 0x04). 48 (flag 0x04).
49 49
50 trials Decimal number indicating of primaility trials that 50 trials Decimal number indicating the number of primality
51 have been performed on the modulus. 51 trials that have been performed on the modulus.
52 52
53 size Decimal number indicating the size of the prime in 53 size Decimal number indicating the size of the prime in
54 bits. 54 bits.
@@ -58,15 +58,15 @@ DESCRIPTION
58 58
59 modulus The modulus itself in hexadecimal. 59 modulus The modulus itself in hexadecimal.
60 60
61 When performing Diffie Hellman Group Exchange, sshd(8) first estimates 61 When performing Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange, sshd(8) first estimates
62 the size of the modulus required to produce enough Diffie Hellman output 62 the size of the modulus required to produce enough Diffie-Hellman output
63 to sufficiently key the selected symmetric cipher. sshd(8) then randomly 63 to sufficiently key the selected symmetric cipher. sshd(8) then randomly
64 selects a modulus from /etc/moduli that best meets the size requirement. 64 selects a modulus from /etc/moduli that best meets the size requirement.
65 65
66SEE ALSO 66SEE ALSO
67 ssh-keygen(1), sshd(8), 67 ssh-keygen(1), sshd(8)
68 68
69 Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer 69 Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer
70 Protocol, RFC 4419, 2006. 70 Protocol, RFC 4419, 2006.
71 71
72OpenBSD 4.9 June 26, 2008 OpenBSD 4.9 72OpenBSD 5.0 October 14, 2010 OpenBSD 5.0