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1SSH-KEYGEN(1) General Commands Manual SSH-KEYGEN(1)
2
3NAME
4 ssh-keygen M-bM-^@M-^S authentication key generation, management and conversion
5
6SYNOPSIS
7 ssh-keygen [-q] [-b bits] [-t dsa | ecdsa | ed25519 | rsa]
8 [-N new_passphrase] [-C comment] [-f output_keyfile]
9 [-m format]
10 ssh-keygen -p [-P old_passphrase] [-N new_passphrase] [-f keyfile]
11 [-m format]
12 ssh-keygen -i [-m key_format] [-f input_keyfile]
13 ssh-keygen -e [-m key_format] [-f input_keyfile]
14 ssh-keygen -y [-f input_keyfile]
15 ssh-keygen -c [-P passphrase] [-C comment] [-f keyfile]
16 ssh-keygen -l [-v] [-E fingerprint_hash] [-f input_keyfile]
17 ssh-keygen -B [-f input_keyfile]
18 ssh-keygen -D pkcs11
19 ssh-keygen -F hostname [-f known_hosts_file] [-l]
20 ssh-keygen -H [-f known_hosts_file]
21 ssh-keygen -R hostname [-f known_hosts_file]
22 ssh-keygen -r hostname [-f input_keyfile] [-g]
23 ssh-keygen -G output_file [-v] [-b bits] [-M memory] [-S start_point]
24 ssh-keygen -T output_file -f input_file [-v] [-a rounds] [-J num_lines]
25 [-j start_line] [-K checkpt] [-W generator]
26 ssh-keygen -s ca_key -I certificate_identity [-h] [-U]
27 [-D pkcs11_provider] [-n principals] [-O option]
28 [-V validity_interval] [-z serial_number] file ...
29 ssh-keygen -L [-f input_keyfile]
30 ssh-keygen -A [-f prefix_path]
31 ssh-keygen -k -f krl_file [-u] [-s ca_public] [-z version_number]
32 file ...
33 ssh-keygen -Q -f krl_file file ...
34
35DESCRIPTION
36 ssh-keygen generates, manages and converts authentication keys for
37 ssh(1). ssh-keygen can create keys for use by SSH protocol version 2.
38
39 The type of key to be generated is specified with the -t option. If
40 invoked without any arguments, ssh-keygen will generate an RSA key.
41
42 ssh-keygen is also used to generate groups for use in Diffie-Hellman
43 group exchange (DH-GEX). See the MODULI GENERATION section for details.
44
45 Finally, ssh-keygen can be used to generate and update Key Revocation
46 Lists, and to test whether given keys have been revoked by one. See the
47 KEY REVOCATION LISTS section for details.
48
49 Normally each user wishing to use SSH with public key authentication runs
50 this once to create the authentication key in ~/.ssh/id_dsa,
51 ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa, ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 or ~/.ssh/id_rsa. Additionally, the
52 system administrator may use this to generate host keys, as seen in
53 /etc/rc.
54
55 Normally this program generates the key and asks for a file in which to
56 store the private key. The public key is stored in a file with the same
57 name but M-bM-^@M-^\.pubM-bM-^@M-^] appended. The program also asks for a passphrase. The
58 passphrase may be empty to indicate no passphrase (host keys must have an
59 empty passphrase), or it may be a string of arbitrary length. A
60 passphrase is similar to a password, except it can be a phrase with a
61 series of words, punctuation, numbers, whitespace, or any string of
62 characters you want. Good passphrases are 10-30 characters long, are not
63 simple sentences or otherwise easily guessable (English prose has only
64 1-2 bits of entropy per character, and provides very bad passphrases),
65 and contain a mix of upper and lowercase letters, numbers, and non-
66 alphanumeric characters. The passphrase can be changed later by using
67 the -p option.
68
69 There is no way to recover a lost passphrase. If the passphrase is lost
70 or forgotten, a new key must be generated and the corresponding public
71 key copied to other machines.
72
73 ssh-keygen will by default write keys in an OpenSSH-specific format.
74 This format is preferred as it offers better protection for keys at rest
75 as well as allowing storage of key comments within the private key file
76 itself. The key comment may be useful to help identify the key. The
77 comment is initialized to M-bM-^@M-^\user@hostM-bM-^@M-^] when the key is created, but can be
78 changed using the -c option.
79
80 It is still possible for ssh-keygen to write the previously-used PEM
81 format private keys using the -m flag. This may be used when generating
82 new keys, and existing new-format keys may be converted using this option
83 in conjunction with the -p (change passphrase) flag.
84
85 After a key is generated, instructions below detail where the keys should
86 be placed to be activated.
87
88 The options are as follows:
89
90 -A For each of the key types (rsa, dsa, ecdsa and ed25519) for which
91 host keys do not exist, generate the host keys with the default
92 key file path, an empty passphrase, default bits for the key
93 type, and default comment. If -f has also been specified, its
94 argument is used as a prefix to the default path for the
95 resulting host key files. This is used by /etc/rc to generate
96 new host keys.
97
98 -a rounds
99 When saving a private key this option specifies the number of KDF
100 (key derivation function) rounds used. Higher numbers result in
101 slower passphrase verification and increased resistance to brute-
102 force password cracking (should the keys be stolen).
103
104 When screening DH-GEX candidates (using the -T command). This
105 option specifies the number of primality tests to perform.
106
107 -B Show the bubblebabble digest of specified private or public key
108 file.
109
110 -b bits
111 Specifies the number of bits in the key to create. For RSA keys,
112 the minimum size is 1024 bits and the default is 2048 bits.
113 Generally, 2048 bits is considered sufficient. DSA keys must be
114 exactly 1024 bits as specified by FIPS 186-2. For ECDSA keys,
115 the -b flag determines the key length by selecting from one of
116 three elliptic curve sizes: 256, 384 or 521 bits. Attempting to
117 use bit lengths other than these three values for ECDSA keys will
118 fail. Ed25519 keys have a fixed length and the -b flag will be
119 ignored.
120
121 -C comment
122 Provides a new comment.
123
124 -c Requests changing the comment in the private and public key
125 files. The program will prompt for the file containing the
126 private keys, for the passphrase if the key has one, and for the
127 new comment.
128
129 -D pkcs11
130 Download the public keys provided by the PKCS#11 shared library
131 pkcs11. When used in combination with -s, this option indicates
132 that a CA key resides in a PKCS#11 token (see the CERTIFICATES
133 section for details).
134
135 -E fingerprint_hash
136 Specifies the hash algorithm used when displaying key
137 fingerprints. Valid options are: M-bM-^@M-^\md5M-bM-^@M-^] and M-bM-^@M-^\sha256M-bM-^@M-^]. The
138 default is M-bM-^@M-^\sha256M-bM-^@M-^].
139
140 -e This option will read a private or public OpenSSH key file and
141 print to stdout a public key in one of the formats specified by
142 the -m option. The default export format is M-bM-^@M-^\RFC4716M-bM-^@M-^]. This
143 option allows exporting OpenSSH keys for use by other programs,
144 including several commercial SSH implementations.
145
146 -F hostname | [hostname]:port
147 Search for the specified hostname (with optional port number) in
148 a known_hosts file, listing any occurrences found. This option
149 is useful to find hashed host names or addresses and may also be
150 used in conjunction with the -H option to print found keys in a
151 hashed format.
152
153 -f filename
154 Specifies the filename of the key file.
155
156 -G output_file
157 Generate candidate primes for DH-GEX. These primes must be
158 screened for safety (using the -T option) before use.
159
160 -g Use generic DNS format when printing fingerprint resource records
161 using the -r command.
162
163 -H Hash a known_hosts file. This replaces all hostnames and
164 addresses with hashed representations within the specified file;
165 the original content is moved to a file with a .old suffix.
166 These hashes may be used normally by ssh and sshd, but they do
167 not reveal identifying information should the file's contents be
168 disclosed. This option will not modify existing hashed hostnames
169 and is therefore safe to use on files that mix hashed and non-
170 hashed names.
171
172 -h When signing a key, create a host certificate instead of a user
173 certificate. Please see the CERTIFICATES section for details.
174
175 -I certificate_identity
176 Specify the key identity when signing a public key. Please see
177 the CERTIFICATES section for details.
178
179 -i This option will read an unencrypted private (or public) key file
180 in the format specified by the -m option and print an OpenSSH
181 compatible private (or public) key to stdout. This option allows
182 importing keys from other software, including several commercial
183 SSH implementations. The default import format is M-bM-^@M-^\RFC4716M-bM-^@M-^].
184
185 -J num_lines
186 Exit after screening the specified number of lines while
187 performing DH candidate screening using the -T option.
188
189 -j start_line
190 Start screening at the specified line number while performing DH
191 candidate screening using the -T option.
192
193 -K checkpt
194 Write the last line processed to the file checkpt while
195 performing DH candidate screening using the -T option. This will
196 be used to skip lines in the input file that have already been
197 processed if the job is restarted.
198
199 -k Generate a KRL file. In this mode, ssh-keygen will generate a
200 KRL file at the location specified via the -f flag that revokes
201 every key or certificate presented on the command line.
202 Keys/certificates to be revoked may be specified by public key
203 file or using the format described in the KEY REVOCATION LISTS
204 section.
205
206 -L Prints the contents of one or more certificates.
207
208 -l Show fingerprint of specified public key file. For RSA and DSA
209 keys ssh-keygen tries to find the matching public key file and
210 prints its fingerprint. If combined with -v, a visual ASCII art
211 representation of the key is supplied with the fingerprint.
212
213 -M memory
214 Specify the amount of memory to use (in megabytes) when
215 generating candidate moduli for DH-GEX.
216
217 -m key_format
218 Specify a key format for key generation, the -i (import), -e
219 (export) conversion options, and the -p change passphrase
220 operation. The latter may be used to convert between OpenSSH
221 private key and PEM private key formats. The supported key
222 formats are: M-bM-^@M-^\RFC4716M-bM-^@M-^] (RFC 4716/SSH2 public or private key),
223 M-bM-^@M-^\PKCS8M-bM-^@M-^] (PEM PKCS8 public key) or M-bM-^@M-^\PEMM-bM-^@M-^] (PEM public key). The
224 default conversion format is M-bM-^@M-^\RFC4716M-bM-^@M-^]. Setting a format of
225 M-bM-^@M-^\PEMM-bM-^@M-^] when generating or updating a supported private key type
226 will cause the key to be stored in the legacy PEM private key
227 format.
228
229 -N new_passphrase
230 Provides the new passphrase.
231
232 -n principals
233 Specify one or more principals (user or host names) to be
234 included in a certificate when signing a key. Multiple
235 principals may be specified, separated by commas. Please see the
236 CERTIFICATES section for details.
237
238 -O option
239 Specify a certificate option when signing a key. This option may
240 be specified multiple times. See also the CERTIFICATES section
241 for further details.
242
243 At present, no standard options are valid for host keys. The
244 options that are valid for user certificates are:
245
246 clear Clear all enabled permissions. This is useful for
247 clearing the default set of permissions so permissions
248 may be added individually.
249
250 critical:name[=contents]
251 extension:name[=contents]
252 Includes an arbitrary certificate critical option or
253 extension. The specified name should include a domain
254 suffix, e.g. M-bM-^@M-^\name@example.comM-bM-^@M-^]. If contents is
255 specified then it is included as the contents of the
256 extension/option encoded as a string, otherwise the
257 extension/option is created with no contents (usually
258 indicating a flag). Extensions may be ignored by a
259 client or server that does not recognise them, whereas
260 unknown critical options will cause the certificate to be
261 refused.
262
263 force-command=command
264 Forces the execution of command instead of any shell or
265 command specified by the user when the certificate is
266 used for authentication.
267
268 no-agent-forwarding
269 Disable ssh-agent(1) forwarding (permitted by default).
270
271 no-port-forwarding
272 Disable port forwarding (permitted by default).
273
274 no-pty Disable PTY allocation (permitted by default).
275
276 no-user-rc
277 Disable execution of ~/.ssh/rc by sshd(8) (permitted by
278 default).
279
280 no-x11-forwarding
281 Disable X11 forwarding (permitted by default).
282
283 permit-agent-forwarding
284 Allows ssh-agent(1) forwarding.
285
286 permit-port-forwarding
287 Allows port forwarding.
288
289 permit-pty
290 Allows PTY allocation.
291
292 permit-user-rc
293 Allows execution of ~/.ssh/rc by sshd(8).
294
295 permit-X11-forwarding
296 Allows X11 forwarding.
297
298 source-address=address_list
299 Restrict the source addresses from which the certificate
300 is considered valid. The address_list is a comma-
301 separated list of one or more address/netmask pairs in
302 CIDR format.
303
304 -P passphrase
305 Provides the (old) passphrase.
306
307 -p Requests changing the passphrase of a private key file instead of
308 creating a new private key. The program will prompt for the file
309 containing the private key, for the old passphrase, and twice for
310 the new passphrase.
311
312 -Q Test whether keys have been revoked in a KRL.
313
314 -q Silence ssh-keygen.
315
316 -R hostname | [hostname]:port
317 Removes all keys belonging to the specified hostname (with
318 optional port number) from a known_hosts file. This option is
319 useful to delete hashed hosts (see the -H option above).
320
321 -r hostname
322 Print the SSHFP fingerprint resource record named hostname for
323 the specified public key file.
324
325 -S start
326 Specify start point (in hex) when generating candidate moduli for
327 DH-GEX.
328
329 -s ca_key
330 Certify (sign) a public key using the specified CA key. Please
331 see the CERTIFICATES section for details.
332
333 When generating a KRL, -s specifies a path to a CA public key
334 file used to revoke certificates directly by key ID or serial
335 number. See the KEY REVOCATION LISTS section for details.
336
337 -T output_file
338 Test DH group exchange candidate primes (generated using the -G
339 option) for safety.
340
341 -t dsa | ecdsa | ed25519 | rsa
342 Specifies the type of key to create. The possible values are
343 M-bM-^@M-^\dsaM-bM-^@M-^], M-bM-^@M-^\ecdsaM-bM-^@M-^], M-bM-^@M-^\ed25519M-bM-^@M-^], or M-bM-^@M-^\rsaM-bM-^@M-^].
344
345 -U When used in combination with -s, this option indicates that a CA
346 key resides in a ssh-agent(1). See the CERTIFICATES section for
347 more information.
348
349 -u Update a KRL. When specified with -k, keys listed via the
350 command line are added to the existing KRL rather than a new KRL
351 being created.
352
353 -V validity_interval
354 Specify a validity interval when signing a certificate. A
355 validity interval may consist of a single time, indicating that
356 the certificate is valid beginning now and expiring at that time,
357 or may consist of two times separated by a colon to indicate an
358 explicit time interval.
359
360 The start time may be specified as the string M-bM-^@M-^\alwaysM-bM-^@M-^] to
361 indicate the certificate has no specified start time, a date in
362 YYYYMMDD format, a time in YYYYMMDDHHMM[SS] format, a relative
363 time (to the current time) consisting of a minus sign followed by
364 an interval in the format described in the TIME FORMATS section
365 of sshd_config(5).
366
367 The end time may be specified as a YYYYMMDD date, a
368 YYYYMMDDHHMM[SS] time, a relative time starting with a plus
369 character or the string M-bM-^@M-^\foreverM-bM-^@M-^] to indicate that the
370 certificate has no expirty date.
371
372 For example: M-bM-^@M-^\+52w1dM-bM-^@M-^] (valid from now to 52 weeks and one day
373 from now), M-bM-^@M-^\-4w:+4wM-bM-^@M-^] (valid from four weeks ago to four weeks
374 from now), M-bM-^@M-^\20100101123000:20110101123000M-bM-^@M-^] (valid from 12:30 PM,
375 January 1st, 2010 to 12:30 PM, January 1st, 2011), M-bM-^@M-^\-1d:20110101M-bM-^@M-^]
376 (valid from yesterday to midnight, January 1st, 2011).
377 M-bM-^@M-^\-1m:foreverM-bM-^@M-^] (valid from one minute ago and never expiring).
378
379 -v Verbose mode. Causes ssh-keygen to print debugging messages
380 about its progress. This is helpful for debugging moduli
381 generation. Multiple -v options increase the verbosity. The
382 maximum is 3.
383
384 -W generator
385 Specify desired generator when testing candidate moduli for DH-
386 GEX.
387
388 -y This option will read a private OpenSSH format file and print an
389 OpenSSH public key to stdout.
390
391 -z serial_number
392 Specifies a serial number to be embedded in the certificate to
393 distinguish this certificate from others from the same CA. If
394 the serial_number is prefixed with a M-bM-^@M-^X+M-bM-^@M-^Y character, then the
395 serial number will be incremented for each certificate signed on
396 a single command-line. The default serial number is zero.
397
398 When generating a KRL, the -z flag is used to specify a KRL
399 version number.
400
401MODULI GENERATION
402 ssh-keygen may be used to generate groups for the Diffie-Hellman Group
403 Exchange (DH-GEX) protocol. Generating these groups is a two-step
404 process: first, candidate primes are generated using a fast, but memory
405 intensive process. These candidate primes are then tested for
406 suitability (a CPU-intensive process).
407
408 Generation of primes is performed using the -G option. The desired
409 length of the primes may be specified by the -b option. For example:
410
411 # ssh-keygen -G moduli-2048.candidates -b 2048
412
413 By default, the search for primes begins at a random point in the desired
414 length range. This may be overridden using the -S option, which
415 specifies a different start point (in hex).
416
417 Once a set of candidates have been generated, they must be screened for
418 suitability. This may be performed using the -T option. In this mode
419 ssh-keygen will read candidates from standard input (or a file specified
420 using the -f option). For example:
421
422 # ssh-keygen -T moduli-2048 -f moduli-2048.candidates
423
424 By default, each candidate will be subjected to 100 primality tests.
425 This may be overridden using the -a option. The DH generator value will
426 be chosen automatically for the prime under consideration. If a specific
427 generator is desired, it may be requested using the -W option. Valid
428 generator values are 2, 3, and 5.
429
430 Screened DH groups may be installed in /etc/moduli. It is important that
431 this file contains moduli of a range of bit lengths and that both ends of
432 a connection share common moduli.
433
434CERTIFICATES
435 ssh-keygen supports signing of keys to produce certificates that may be
436 used for user or host authentication. Certificates consist of a public
437 key, some identity information, zero or more principal (user or host)
438 names and a set of options that are signed by a Certification Authority
439 (CA) key. Clients or servers may then trust only the CA key and verify
440 its signature on a certificate rather than trusting many user/host keys.
441 Note that OpenSSH certificates are a different, and much simpler, format
442 to the X.509 certificates used in ssl(8).
443
444 ssh-keygen supports two types of certificates: user and host. User
445 certificates authenticate users to servers, whereas host certificates
446 authenticate server hosts to users. To generate a user certificate:
447
448 $ ssh-keygen -s /path/to/ca_key -I key_id /path/to/user_key.pub
449
450 The resultant certificate will be placed in /path/to/user_key-cert.pub.
451 A host certificate requires the -h option:
452
453 $ ssh-keygen -s /path/to/ca_key -I key_id -h /path/to/host_key.pub
454
455 The host certificate will be output to /path/to/host_key-cert.pub.
456
457 It is possible to sign using a CA key stored in a PKCS#11 token by
458 providing the token library using -D and identifying the CA key by
459 providing its public half as an argument to -s:
460
461 $ ssh-keygen -s ca_key.pub -D libpkcs11.so -I key_id user_key.pub
462
463 Similarly, it is possible for the CA key to be hosted in a ssh-agent(1).
464 This is indicated by the -U flag and, again, the CA key must be
465 identified by its public half.
466
467 $ ssh-keygen -Us ca_key.pub -I key_id user_key.pub
468
469 In all cases, key_id is a "key identifier" that is logged by the server
470 when the certificate is used for authentication.
471
472 Certificates may be limited to be valid for a set of principal
473 (user/host) names. By default, generated certificates are valid for all
474 users or hosts. To generate a certificate for a specified set of
475 principals:
476
477 $ ssh-keygen -s ca_key -I key_id -n user1,user2 user_key.pub
478 $ ssh-keygen -s ca_key -I key_id -h -n host.domain host_key.pub
479
480 Additional limitations on the validity and use of user certificates may
481 be specified through certificate options. A certificate option may
482 disable features of the SSH session, may be valid only when presented
483 from particular source addresses or may force the use of a specific
484 command. For a list of valid certificate options, see the documentation
485 for the -O option above.
486
487 Finally, certificates may be defined with a validity lifetime. The -V
488 option allows specification of certificate start and end times. A
489 certificate that is presented at a time outside this range will not be
490 considered valid. By default, certificates are valid from UNIX Epoch to
491 the distant future.
492
493 For certificates to be used for user or host authentication, the CA
494 public key must be trusted by sshd(8) or ssh(1). Please refer to those
495 manual pages for details.
496
497KEY REVOCATION LISTS
498 ssh-keygen is able to manage OpenSSH format Key Revocation Lists (KRLs).
499 These binary files specify keys or certificates to be revoked using a
500 compact format, taking as little as one bit per certificate if they are
501 being revoked by serial number.
502
503 KRLs may be generated using the -k flag. This option reads one or more
504 files from the command line and generates a new KRL. The files may
505 either contain a KRL specification (see below) or public keys, listed one
506 per line. Plain public keys are revoked by listing their hash or
507 contents in the KRL and certificates revoked by serial number or key ID
508 (if the serial is zero or not available).
509
510 Revoking keys using a KRL specification offers explicit control over the
511 types of record used to revoke keys and may be used to directly revoke
512 certificates by serial number or key ID without having the complete
513 original certificate on hand. A KRL specification consists of lines
514 containing one of the following directives followed by a colon and some
515 directive-specific information.
516
517 serial: serial_number[-serial_number]
518 Revokes a certificate with the specified serial number. Serial
519 numbers are 64-bit values, not including zero and may be
520 expressed in decimal, hex or octal. If two serial numbers are
521 specified separated by a hyphen, then the range of serial numbers
522 including and between each is revoked. The CA key must have been
523 specified on the ssh-keygen command line using the -s option.
524
525 id: key_id
526 Revokes a certificate with the specified key ID string. The CA
527 key must have been specified on the ssh-keygen command line using
528 the -s option.
529
530 key: public_key
531 Revokes the specified key. If a certificate is listed, then it
532 is revoked as a plain public key.
533
534 sha1: public_key
535 Revokes the specified key by including its SHA1 hash in the KRL.
536
537 sha256: public_key
538 Revokes the specified key by including its SHA256 hash in the
539 KRL. KRLs that revoke keys by SHA256 hash are not supported by
540 OpenSSH versions prior to 7.9.
541
542 hash: fingerprint
543 Revokes a key using a fingerprint hash, as obtained from a
544 sshd(8) authentication log message or the ssh-keygen -l flag.
545 Only SHA256 fingerprints are supported here and resultant KRLs
546 are not supported by OpenSSH versions prior to 7.9.
547
548 KRLs may be updated using the -u flag in addition to -k. When this
549 option is specified, keys listed via the command line are merged into the
550 KRL, adding to those already there.
551
552 It is also possible, given a KRL, to test whether it revokes a particular
553 key (or keys). The -Q flag will query an existing KRL, testing each key
554 specified on the command line. If any key listed on the command line has
555 been revoked (or an error encountered) then ssh-keygen will exit with a
556 non-zero exit status. A zero exit status will only be returned if no key
557 was revoked.
558
559FILES
560 ~/.ssh/id_dsa
561 ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa
562 ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
563 ~/.ssh/id_rsa
564 Contains the DSA, ECDSA, Ed25519 or RSA authentication identity
565 of the user. This file should not be readable by anyone but the
566 user. It is possible to specify a passphrase when generating the
567 key; that passphrase will be used to encrypt the private part of
568 this file using 128-bit AES. This file is not automatically
569 accessed by ssh-keygen but it is offered as the default file for
570 the private key. ssh(1) will read this file when a login attempt
571 is made.
572
573 ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
574 ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub
575 ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub
576 ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
577 Contains the DSA, ECDSA, Ed25519 or RSA public key for
578 authentication. The contents of this file should be added to
579 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys on all machines where the user wishes to
580 log in using public key authentication. There is no need to keep
581 the contents of this file secret.
582
583 /etc/moduli
584 Contains Diffie-Hellman groups used for DH-GEX. The file format
585 is described in moduli(5).
586
587SEE ALSO
588 ssh(1), ssh-add(1), ssh-agent(1), moduli(5), sshd(8)
589
590 The Secure Shell (SSH) Public Key File Format, RFC 4716, 2006.
591
592AUTHORS
593 OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by
594 Tatu Ylonen. Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo
595 de Raadt and Dug Song removed many bugs, re-added newer features and
596 created OpenSSH. Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH protocol
597 versions 1.5 and 2.0.
598
599OpenBSD 6.5 March 5, 2019 OpenBSD 6.5