path: root/CosmicCalendar.hs

{-# OPTIONS_GHC
  -Wall
  -Wno-unused-imports
  -Wno-unused-top-binds
  -Wno-name-shadowing
#-}
{-# language NoImplicitPrelude #-}
{-# language RecordWildCards #-}
{-# language FlexibleContexts #-}
{-# language TemplateHaskell #-}
{-# language ViewPatterns #-}
{-# language OverloadedStrings #-}
{-# language QuasiQuotes #-}

module CosmicCalendar where

import Rebase.Prelude
import qualified Rebase.Prelude as Prelude
import Control.Lens hiding ((<|))
import Data.Foldable (toList)
import Data.Ratio
import Text.Printf
import Data.Time.Calendar.OrdinalDate
import Data.Time.LocalTime
import Control.Monad.RWS
import Data.Time.Calendar.OrdinalDate
import Data.Text.Format.Numbers
import NeatInterpolation
import Data.Text (Text)

import Rebase.Data.Map.Strict (Map)
import qualified Rebase.Data.Map.Strict as Map

-- 13.787±0.020 billion years.  Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_universe#cite_note-Planck_2018-2
ageOfUniverseInYears :: Integer
ageOfUniverseInYears = 13787 * 1000 * 1000

daysPerYear :: NominalDiffTime
daysPerYear = 365.2422

lengthOfDay :: NominalDiffTime
lengthOfDay = 24 * 60 * 60

lengthOfYear :: NominalDiffTime
lengthOfYear = daysPerYear * lengthOfDay

ageOfUniverse :: NominalDiffTime
ageOfUniverse = fromIntegral ageOfUniverseInYears * lengthOfYear

data CalendarEntry = CalendarEntry {
  calBeginTime :: NominalDiffTime,
  calEndTime :: Maybe NominalDiffTime,
  calTitle :: Text,
  calSubtitle :: Text,
  calDescription :: Text,
  calReferences :: Text
} deriving (Show)

theCalendar :: Map NominalDiffTime CalendarEntry
theCalendar = Map.fromList $ map (\x -> (calBeginTime x, x)) theCalendarList

thousandYears :: Rational -> NominalDiffTime
thousandYears = (* (lengthOfYear * 1000)) . fromRational

millionYears :: Rational -> NominalDiffTime
millionYears = (* (lengthOfYear * 1000 * 1000)) . fromRational

billionYears :: Rational -> NominalDiffTime
billionYears = (* (lengthOfYear * 1000 * 1000 * 1000)) . fromRational

yearsAgo :: Rational -> NominalDiffTime
yearsAgo n = (ageOfUniverse - lengthOfYear * fromRational n) / ageOfUniverse * lengthOfYear

thousandYearsAgo :: Rational -> NominalDiffTime
thousandYearsAgo = yearsAgo . (* 1000)

millionYearsAgo :: Rational -> NominalDiffTime
millionYearsAgo = thousandYearsAgo . (* 1000)

billionYearsAgo :: Rational -> NominalDiffTime
billionYearsAgo = millionYearsAgo . (* 1000)

afterBigBang :: NominalDiffTime -> NominalDiffTime
afterBigBang = (/ ageOfUniverse) . (* lengthOfYear)

yearStart :: LocalTime -> LocalTime
yearStart (LocalTime d _) = LocalTime d' t'
  where
    d' = fromGregorian y 1 1
    t' = TimeOfDay 0 0 0
    (y, _, _) = toGregorian d

localTimeToYearElapsed :: LocalTime -> NominalDiffTime
localTimeToYearElapsed t = t `diffLocalTime` yearStart t

getPreviousCalendarEntry :: LocalTime -> Maybe CalendarEntry
getPreviousCalendarEntry (localTimeToYearElapsed -> t) = snd <$> Map.lookupLT t theCalendar

getCurrentCalendarEntry :: LocalTime -> Maybe CalendarEntry
getCurrentCalendarEntry (localTimeToYearElapsed -> t) = snd <$> Map.lookupLE t theCalendar

getNextCalendarEntry :: LocalTime -> Maybe CalendarEntry
getNextCalendarEntry (localTimeToYearElapsed -> t) = snd <$> Map.lookupGT t theCalendar

theCalendarList :: [CalendarEntry]
theCalendarList =
  [
    CalendarEntry 0 Nothing "The Big Bang" "The universe begins" "" "",
    CalendarEntry (370 & thousandYears & afterBigBang)
                  Nothing
                  "Recombination"
                  "The universe becomes transparent"
                  recombinationDescription
                  recombinationReferences,
    CalendarEntry (13.4 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing
    "The first observed star"
    ""
    "First Light Viewed Through the Rich Cluster Abell 2218"
    "https://sites.astro.caltech.edu/~rse/firstlight/",
    CalendarEntry (4.6 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing
    "Formation of the Sun"
    "The formation of the solar system begins"
    "The formation of the Solar System began about 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud.[1] Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center, forming the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk out of which the planets, moons, asteroids, and other small Solar System bodies formed."
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System",
    CalendarEntry (4.54 & billionYearsAgo) Nothing
    "Formation of Earth"
    ""
    earthDescription
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Earth#Solar_System_formation",

    CalendarEntry (3.4 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing
    "First Stone Tools"
    "Mode I: The Oldowan Industry"
    [text|
    (Stones with sharp edges.)

    The earliest known Oldowan tools yet found date from 2.6 million years ago, during the Lower Palaeolithic period, and have been uncovered at Gona in Ethiopia.[16] After this date, the Oldowan Industry subsequently spread throughout much of Africa, although archaeologists are currently unsure which Hominan species first developed them, with some speculating that it was Australopithecus garhi, and others believing that it was in fact Homo habilis.[17]

    Homo habilis was the hominin who used the tools for most of the Oldowan in Africa, but at about 1.9-1.8 million years ago Homo erectus inherited them. The Industry flourished in southern and eastern Africa between 2.6 and 1.7 million years ago, but was also spread out of Africa and into Eurasia by travelling bands of H. erectus, who took it as far east as Java by 1.8 million years ago and Northern China by 1.6 million years ago.
    |]
    "",

    CalendarEntry (1.8 & millionYearsAgo) Nothing
    "First major transition in stone tool technology"
    "Mode II: The Acheulean Industry"
    "From the Konso Formation of Ethiopia, Acheulean hand-axes are dated to about 1.5 million years ago using radiometric dating of deposits containing volcanic ashes.[6] Acheulean tools in South Asia have also been found to be dated as far as 1.5 million years ago.[7] However, the earliest accepted examples of the Acheulean currently known come from the West Turkana region of Kenya and were first described by a French-led archaeology team.[8] These particular Acheulean tools were recently dated through the method of magnetostratigraphy to about 1.76 million years ago, making them the oldest not only in Africa but the world.[9] The earliest user of Acheulean tools was Homo ergaster, who first appeared about 1.8 million years ago. Not all researchers use this formal name, and instead prefer to call these users early Homo erectus.[3]"
    "",

    CalendarEntry (160 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing
    "Second major transition in stone tool technology"
    "Mode III: The Levallois technique; The Mousterian Industry"
    [text|
    (Stone scrapers, knives, and projectile points)

    The technique is first found in the Lower Palaeolithic but is most commonly associated with the Neanderthal Mousterian industries of the Middle Palaeolithic. In the Levant, the Levallois technique was also used by anatomically modern humans during the Middle Stone Age. In North Africa, the Levallois technique was used in the Middle Stone Age, most notably in the Aterian industry to produce very small projectile points. While Levallois cores do display some variability in their platforms, their flake production surfaces show remarkable uniformity. As the Levallois technique is counterintuitive, teaching the process is necessary and thus language is a prerequisite for such technology.[2]

    The Mousterian (or Mode III) is a techno-complex (archaeological industry) of stone tools, associated primarily with the Neanderthals in Europe, and to a lesser extent the earliest anatomically modern humans in North Africa and West Asia. The Mousterian largely defines the latter part of the Middle Paleolithic, the middle of the West Eurasian Old Stone Age. It lasted roughly from 160,000 to 40,000 BP. If its predecessor, known as Levallois or Levallois-Mousterian, is included, the range is extended to as early as c. 300,000–200,000 BP.[2] The main following period is the Aurignacian (c. 43,000–28,000 BP) of Homo sapiens.
    |]
    "",

    CalendarEntry (115 & thousandYearsAgo) (Just $ 11.7 & thousandYearsAgo)
    "The Ice Age begins"
    "The Last Glacial Period"
    "The Last Glacial Period (LGP), also known colloquially as the last ice age or simply ice age,[1] occurred from the end of the Eemian to the end of the Younger Dryas, encompassing the period c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 years ago. The LGP is part of a larger sequence of glacial and interglacial periods known as the Quaternary glaciation which started around 2,588,000 years ago and is ongoing.[2] The definition of the Quaternary as beginning 2.58 million years ago (Mya) is based on the formation of the Arctic ice cap. The Antarctic ice sheet began to form earlier, at about 34 Mya, in the mid-Cenozoic (Eocene–Oligocene extinction event). The term Late Cenozoic Ice Age is used to include this early phase.[3]"
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period",

    CalendarEntry (50 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing
    "Third major transition in stone tool technology"
    "Mode IV: The Aurignacian Industry"
    "The widespread use of long blades (rather than flakes) of the Upper Palaeolithic Mode 4 industries appeared during the Upper Palaeolithic between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago, although blades were produced in small quantities much earlier by Neanderthals.[20] The Aurignacian culture seems to have been the first to rely largely on blades.[21] The use of blades exponentially increases the efficiency of core usage compared to the Levallois flake technique, which had a similar advantage over Acheulean technology which was worked from cores."
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool#Mode_IV:_The_Aurignacian_Industry",

    CalendarEntry (35 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing
    "Last major transition in stone tool technology"
    "Mode V: The Microlithic Industries"
    "Mode 5 stone tools involve the production of microliths, which were used in composite tools, mainly fastened to a shaft.[22] Examples include the Magdalenian culture. Such a technology makes much more efficient use of available materials like flint, although required greater skill in manufacturing the small flakes. Mounting sharp flint edges in a wood or bone handle is the key innovation in microliths, essentially because the handle gives the user protection against the flint and also improves leverage of the device."
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool#Mode_V:_The_Microlithic_Industries"
    ,

    CalendarEntry (12 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing
    "Agriculture leads to permanent settlements"
    "Neolithic age (\"new stone age\")"
    "Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago.[2] However, domestication did not occur until much later. The earliest evidence of small-scale cultivation of edible grasses is from around 21,000 BC with the Ohalo II people on the shores of the Sea of Galilee.[3] By around 9500 BC, the eight Neolithic founder crops – emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chickpeas, and flax – were cultivated in the Levant.[4] Rye may have been cultivated earlier, but this claim remains controversial.[5] Rice was domesticated in China by 6200 BC[6] with earliest known cultivation from 5700 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki beans. Rice was also independently domesticated in West Africa and cultivated by 1000 BC.[7][8] Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 years ago, followed by sheep. Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and India around 8500 BC. Camels were domesticated late, perhaps around 3000 BC."
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture",

    CalendarEntry (6.5 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing
    "First copper tools"
    ""
    ""
    "",

    CalendarEntry (5.3 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing
    "First bronze tools, first written language"
    "The Bronze Age"
    ""
    "",

    CalendarEntry (3000 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) (Just $ 2350 & yearsBeforeCommonEra)
    "Corded Ware culture"
    ""
    [text|
    The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe between ca. 3000 BCE – 2350 BCE, thus from the late Neolithic, through the Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age.[2] Corded Ware culture encompassed a vast area, from the contact zone between the Yamnaya culture and the Corded Ware culture in south Central Europe, to the Rhine on the west and the Volga in the east, occupying parts of Northern Europe, Central Europe and Eastern Europe.[2][3] The Corded Ware culture is thought to have originated from the westward migration of Yamnaya-related people from the steppe-forest zone into the territory of late Neolithic European cultures such as the Globular Amphora and Funnelbeaker cultures,[4][5][6] and is considered to be a likely vector for the spread of many of the Indo-European languages in Europe and Asia.[1][7][8][9]

    Corded Ware encompassed most of continental northern Europe from the Rhine on the west to the Volga in the east, including most of modern-day Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Switzerland, northwestern Romania, northern Ukraine, and the European part of Russia, as well as coastal Norway and the southern portions of Sweden and Finland.[2] In the Late Eneolithic/Early Bronze Age, it encompassed the territory of nearly the entire Balkan Peninsula, where Corded Ware mixed with other steppe elements.[11]

    Archaeologists note that Corded Ware was not a "unified culture," as Corded Ware groups inhabiting a vast geographical area from the Rhine to Volga seem to have regionally specific subsistence strategies and economies.[2]: 226  There are differences in the material culture and in settlements and society.[2] At the same time, they had several shared elements that are characteristic of all Corded Ware groups, such as their burial practices, pottery with "cord" decoration and unique stone-axes.[2]
    |]
    "",

    CalendarEntry (2800 & yearsBeforeCommonEra) (Just $ 1800 & yearsBeforeCommonEra)
    "Bell Beaker culture"
    ""
    [text|
    The Bell Beaker culture (also described as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon) is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the European Bronze Age. Arising from around 2800 BC, it lasted in Britain until as late as 1800 BC[1][2] but in continental Europe only until 2300 BC, when it was succeeded by the Unetice culture. The culture was widely dispersed throughout Western Europe, being present in many regions of Iberia and stretching eastward to the Danubian plains, and northward to the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, and was also present in the islands of Sicily and Sardinia and some small coastal areas in north-western Africa. The Bell Beaker phenomenon shows substantial regional variation, and a study[3] from 2018 found that it was associated with genetically diverse populations.

    In its mature phase, the Bell Beaker culture is understood as not only a collection of characteristic artefact types, but a complex cultural phenomenon involving metalwork in copper and gold, long-distance exchange networks, archery, specific types of ornamentation, and (presumably) shared ideological, cultural and religious ideas, as well as social stratification and the emergence of regional elites.[6][7] A wide range of regional diversity persists within the widespread late Beaker culture, particularly in local burial styles (including incidences of cremation rather than burial), housing styles, economic profile, and local ceramic wares (Begleitkeramik). Nonetheless, according to Lemercier (2018) the mature phase of the Beaker culture represents "the appearance of a kind of Bell Beaker civilization of continental scale."[8]

    Bell Beaker people took advantage of transport by sea and rivers, creating a cultural spread extending from Ireland to the Carpathian Basin and south along the Atlantic coast and along the Rhône valley to Portugal, North Africa, and Sicily, even penetrating northern and central Italy.[50] Its remains have been found in what is now Portugal, Spain, France (excluding the central massif), Ireland and Great Britain, the Low Countries and Germany between the Elbe and Rhine, with an extension along the upper Danube into the Vienna Basin (Austria), Hungary and the Czech Republic, with Mediterranean outposts on Sardinia and Sicily; there is less certain evidence for direct penetration in the east.
    |]
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture",

    CalendarEntry (11.7 & thousandYearsAgo) Nothing
    "Ice Age ends"
    ""
    ""
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period"

    ]

  where
    yearsBeforeCommonEra n = yearsAgo (2022 + n)
    earthDescription = [text|
      The standard model for the formation of the Solar System (including the Earth) is the solar nebula hypothesis.[23] In this model, the Solar System formed from a large, rotating cloud of interstellar dust and gas called the solar nebula. It was composed of hydrogen and helium created shortly after the Big Bang 13.8 Ga (billion years ago) and heavier elements ejected by supernovae. About 4.5 Ga, the nebula began a contraction that may have been triggered by the shock wave from a nearby supernova.[24] A shock wave would have also made the nebula rotate. As the cloud began to accelerate, its angular momentum, gravity, and inertia flattened it into a protoplanetary disk perpendicular to its axis of rotation. Small perturbations due to collisions and the angular momentum of other large debris created the means by which kilometer-sized protoplanets began to form, orbiting the nebular center.[25]

      The center of the nebula, not having much angular momentum, collapsed rapidly, the compression heating it until nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium began. After more contraction, a T Tauri star ignited and evolved into the Sun. Meanwhile, in the outer part of the nebula gravity caused matter to condense around density perturbations and dust particles, and the rest of the protoplanetary disk began separating into rings. In a process known as runaway accretion, successively larger fragments of dust and debris clumped together to form planets.[25] Earth formed in this manner about 4.54 billion years ago (with an uncertainty of 1%)[26][27][4] and was largely completed within 10–20 million years.[28] The solar wind of the newly formed T Tauri star cleared out most of the material in the disk that had not already condensed into larger bodies. The same process is expected to produce accretion disks around virtually all newly forming stars in the universe, some of which yield planets.[29]
    |]
    recombinationDescription = [text|
      At about 370,000 years,[3][4][5][6] neutral hydrogen atoms finish forming ("recombination"), and as a result the universe also became transparent for the first time. The newly formed atoms—mainly hydrogen and helium with traces of lithium—quickly reach their lowest energy state (ground state) by releasing photons ("photon decoupling"), and these photons can still be detected today as the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This is the oldest direct observation we currently have of the universe.
    |]
    recombinationReferences = [text|
      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe#The_very_early_universe

      3. Tanabashi, M. 2018, p. 358, chpt. 21.4.1: "Big-Bang Cosmology" (Revised
      September 2017) by Keith A. Olive and John A. Peacock.

      4. Notes: Edward L. Wright's Javascript Cosmology Calculator (last
      modified 23 July 2018). With a default H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} H_{0} =
      69.6 (based on WMAP9+SPT+ACT+6dFGS+BOSS/DR11+H0/Riess) parameters, the
      calculated age of the universe with a redshift of z = 1100 is in agreement
      with Olive and Peacock (about 370,000 years).

      5. Hinshaw, Weiland & Hill 2009. See PDF: page 45, Table 7, Age at
      decoupling, last column. Based on WMAP+BAO+SN parameters, the age of
      decoupling occurred 376971+3162−3167 years after the Big Bang.

      6. Ryden 2006, pp. 194–195. "Without going into the details of the
      non-equilibrium physics, let's content ourselves by saying, in round
      numbers, zdec ≈ 1100, corresponding to a temperature Tdec ≈ 3000 K, when
      the age of the universe was tdec ≈ 350,000 yr in the Benchmark Model.
      (...) The relevant times of various events around the time of
      recombination are shown in Table 9.1. (...) Note that all these times are
      approximate, and are dependent on the cosmological model you choose. (I
      have chosen the Benchmark Model in calculating these numbers.)"

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)#cite_note-2

    |]