path: root/src/Network/DHT/Routing.hs

-- |
--   Copyright   :  (c) Sam Truzjan 2013
--   License     :  BSD3
--   Maintainer  :  pxqr.sta@gmail.com
--   Stability   :  experimental
--   Portability :  portable
--
--   Every node maintains a routing table of known good nodes. The
--   nodes in the routing table are used as starting points for
--   queries in the DHT. Nodes from the routing table are returned in
--   response to queries from other nodes.
--
--   For more info see:
--   <http://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0005.html#routing-table>
--
{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
{-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards #-}
{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns    #-}
{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns    #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators   #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric   #-}
{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
{-# LANGUAGE StandaloneDeriving, FlexibleContexts, MultiParamTypeClasses, FlexibleInstances #-}
{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-warn-orphans #-}
module Network.DHT.Routing
       {-
       ( -- * Table
         Table
       , Info(..)

         -- * Attributes
       , BucketCount
       , defaultBucketCount
       , BucketSize
       , defaultBucketSize
       , NodeCount

         -- * Query
       , Network.DHT.Routing.null
       , Network.DHT.Routing.full
       , thisId
       , shape
       , Network.DHT.Routing.size
       , Network.DHT.Routing.depth
       , compatibleNodeId

         -- * Lookup
       , K
       , defaultK
       , TableKey (..)
       , kclosest

         -- * Construction
       , Network.DHT.Routing.nullTable
       , Event(..)
       , CheckPing(..)
       , Network.DHT.Routing.insert

         -- * Conversion
       , Network.DHT.Routing.TableEntry
       , Network.DHT.Routing.toList

         -- * Routing
       , Timestamp
       , getTimestamp
       ) -} where

import Control.Applicative as A
import Control.Arrow
import Control.Monad
import Data.Function
import Data.Functor.Identity
import Data.List as L hiding (insert)
import Data.Maybe
import Data.Monoid
import Data.Wrapper.PSQ as PSQ
import Data.Serialize as S hiding (Result, Done)
import qualified Data.Sequence as Seq
import Data.Time
import Data.Time.Clock.POSIX
import Data.Word
import GHC.Generics
import Text.PrettyPrint as PP hiding ((<>))
import Text.PrettyPrint.HughesPJClass (pPrint,Pretty)
import qualified Data.ByteString as BS
import Data.Bits
import Data.Ord

import Network.Address

-- | Last time the node was responding to our queries.
--
--   Not all nodes that we learn about are equal. Some are \"good\" and
--   some are not. Many nodes using the DHT are able to send queries
--   and receive responses, but are not able to respond to queries
--   from other nodes. It is important that each node's routing table
--   must contain only known good nodes. A good node is a node has
--   responded to one of our queries within the last 15 minutes. A
--   node is also good if it has ever responded to one of our queries
--   and has sent us a query within the last 15 minutes. After 15
--   minutes of inactivity, a node becomes questionable. Nodes become
--   bad when they fail to respond to multiple queries in a row. Nodes
--   that we know are good are given priority over nodes with unknown
--   status.
--
type Timestamp = POSIXTime

getTimestamp :: IO Timestamp
getTimestamp = do
  utcTime <- getCurrentTime
  return $ utcTimeToPOSIXSeconds utcTime



{-----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Bucket
-----------------------------------------------------------------------}
--
-- When a k-bucket is full and a new node is discovered for that
-- k-bucket, the least recently seen node in the k-bucket is
-- PINGed. If the node is found to be still alive, the new node is
-- place in a secondary list, a replacement cache. The replacement
-- cache is used only if a node in the k-bucket stops responding. In
-- other words: new nodes are used only when older nodes disappear.

-- | Timestamp - last time this node is pinged.
type NodeEntry ni = Binding ni Timestamp


-- | Maximum number of 'NodeInfo's stored in a bucket. Most clients
-- use this value.
defaultBucketSize :: Int
defaultBucketSize = 8

data QueueMethods m elem fifo = QueueMethods
    { pushBack :: elem -> fifo -> m fifo
    , popFront :: fifo -> m (Maybe elem, fifo)
    , emptyQueue :: m fifo
    }

{-
fromQ :: Functor m =>
       ( a -> b )
       -> ( b -> a )
       -> QueueMethods m elem a
       -> QueueMethods m elem b
fromQ embed project QueueMethods{..} =
    QueueMethods { pushBack = \e -> fmap embed . pushBack e . project
                 , popFront = fmap (second embed) . popFront . project
                 , emptyQueue = fmap embed emptyQueue
                 }
-}

seqQ :: QueueMethods Identity ni (Seq.Seq ni)
seqQ = QueueMethods
    { pushBack = \e fifo -> pure (fifo Seq.|> e)
    , popFront = \fifo -> case Seq.viewl fifo of
                            e Seq.:< fifo' -> pure (Just e, fifo')
                            Seq.EmptyL     -> pure (Nothing, Seq.empty)
    , emptyQueue = pure Seq.empty
    }

type BucketQueue ni = Seq.Seq ni

bucketQ :: QueueMethods Identity ni (BucketQueue ni)
bucketQ = seqQ


-- | Bucket is also limited in its length — thus it's called k-bucket.
--   When bucket becomes full, we should split it in two lists by
--   current span bit. Span bit is defined by depth in the routing
--   table tree. Size of the bucket should be choosen such that it's
--   very unlikely that all nodes in bucket fail within an hour of
--   each other.
--
data Bucket ni = Bucket { bktNodes :: !(PSQ ni Timestamp)
                        , bktQ     :: !(BucketQueue ni)
                        } deriving Generic

deriving instance Show ni => Show (Bucket ni)



#if 0

{-
getGenericNode :: ( Serialize (NodeId)
                  , Serialize ip
                  , Serialize u
                  ) => Get (NodeInfo)
getGenericNode = do
    nid <- get
    naddr <- get
    u <- get
    return NodeInfo
        { nodeId = nid
        , nodeAddr = naddr
        , nodeAnnotation = u
        }

putGenericNode :: ( Serialize (NodeId)
                  , Serialize ip
                  , Serialize u
                  ) => NodeInfo -> Put
putGenericNode (NodeInfo nid naddr u) = do
    put nid
    put naddr
    put u

instance (Eq ip, Ord (NodeId), Serialize (NodeId), Serialize ip, Serialize u) => Serialize (Bucket) where
    get = Bucket . psqFromPairList <$> getListOf ( (,) <$> getGenericNode <*> get ) <*> pure (runIdentity $ emptyQueue bucketQ)
    put = putListOf (\(ni,stamp) -> putGenericNode ni >> put stamp) . psqToPairList . bktNodes
-}

#endif

psqFromPairList :: (Ord p, Ord k) => [(k, p)] -> OrdPSQ k p ()
psqFromPairList xs = PSQ.fromList $ map (\(a,b) -> a :-> b) xs

psqToPairList :: OrdPSQ t t1 () -> [(t, t1)]
psqToPairList psq = map (\(a :-> b) -> (a,b)) $ PSQ.toList psq

-- | Update interval, in seconds.
delta :: NominalDiffTime
delta = 15 * 60

-- | Should maintain a set of stable long running nodes.
--
-- Note: pings are triggerd only when a bucket is full.
insertBucket :: (Alternative f, Ord ni) => -- (Eq ip, Alternative f, Ord (NodeId))  =>
    Timestamp -> Event ni -> Bucket ni -> f ([CheckPing ni], Bucket ni)
insertBucket curTime (TryInsert info) bucket
  -- just update timestamp if a node is already in bucket
  | already_have
    = pure ( [], map_ns $ PSQ.insertWith max info curTime )
  -- bucket is good, but not full => we can insert a new node
  | PSQ.size (bktNodes bucket) < defaultBucketSize
    = pure ( [], map_ns $ PSQ.insert info curTime )
  -- If there are any questionable nodes in the bucket have not been
  -- seen in the last 15 minutes, the least recently seen node is
  -- pinged. If any nodes in the bucket are known to have become bad,
  -- then one is replaced by the new node in the next insertBucket
  -- iteration.
  | not (L.null stales)
    = pure ( [CheckPing stales]
           , bucket { -- Update timestamps so that we don't redundantly ping.
                      bktNodes = updateStamps curTime stales $ bktNodes bucket
                      -- Update queue with the pending NodeInfo in case of ping fail.
                    , bktQ     = runIdentity $ pushBack bucketQ info $ bktQ bucket } )
  -- When the bucket is full of good nodes, the new node is simply discarded.
  -- We must return 'A.empty' here to ensure that bucket splitting happens
  -- inside 'modifyBucket'.
  | otherwise = A.empty
 where
    -- We (take 1) to keep a 1-to-1 correspondence between pending pings and
    -- waiting nodes in the bktQ.  This way, we don't have to worry about what
    -- to do with failed pings for which there is no ready replacements.
    stales = -- One stale:
             do (n :-> t) <- maybeToList $ PSQ.findMin (bktNodes bucket)
                guard (t < curTime - delta)
                return n
             -- All stale:
             -- map key \$ PSQ.atMost (curTime - delta) $ bktNodes bucket

    already_have = maybe False (const True) $ PSQ.lookup info (bktNodes bucket)

    map_ns f = bucket { bktNodes = f (bktNodes bucket) }
    -- map_q f = bucket { bktQ = runIdentity \$ f (bktQ bucket) }

insertBucket curTime (PingResult bad_node got_response) bucket
    = pure ([], Bucket (upd $ bktNodes bucket) popped)
 where
    (top, popped) = runIdentity $ popFront bucketQ (bktQ bucket)
    upd | got_response     = id
        | Just info <- top = \nodes ->
            fromMaybe nodes $ do
                 _ <- PSQ.lookup bad_node nodes -- Insert only if there's a removal.
                 let nodes' = PSQ.delete bad_node nodes
                 pure $ PSQ.insert info curTime nodes'
        | otherwise        = id


updateStamps :: Ord ni => Timestamp -> [ni] -> PSQ ni Timestamp -> PSQ ni Timestamp
updateStamps curTime stales nodes = foldl' (\q n -> PSQ.insert n curTime q) nodes stales

type BitIx = Word

partitionQ :: Monad f => QueueMethods f elem b -> (elem -> Bool) -> b -> f (b, b)
partitionQ imp test q0 = do
    pass0 <- emptyQueue imp
    fail0 <- emptyQueue imp
    let flipfix a b f = fix f a b
    flipfix q0 (pass0,fail0) $ \rec q qs -> do
        (mb,q') <- popFront imp q
        case mb of
            Nothing -> return qs
            Just e  -> do qs' <- select (pushBack imp e) qs
                          rec q' qs'
                where
                    select :: Functor f => (b -> f b) -> (b, b) -> f (b, b)
                    select f = if test e then \(a,b) -> flip (,) b <$> f a
                                         else \(a,b) ->      (,) a <$> f b



split :: -- ( Eq ip , Ord (NodeId) , FiniteBits (NodeId)) =>
    forall ni. Ord ni =>
    (ni -> Word -> Bool)
    -> BitIx -> Bucket ni -> (Bucket ni, Bucket ni)
split testNodeIdBit i b = (Bucket ns qs, Bucket ms rs)
  where
    (ns,ms) = (PSQ.fromList *** PSQ.fromList) . partition (spanBit . key) . PSQ.toList $ bktNodes b
    (qs,rs) = runIdentity $ partitionQ bucketQ spanBit $ bktQ b

    spanBit :: ni -> Bool
    spanBit entry = testNodeIdBit entry i


{-----------------------------------------------------------------------
--  Table
-----------------------------------------------------------------------}

defaultBucketCount :: Int
defaultBucketCount = 20

data Info ni nid = Info
    { myBuckets :: Table ni nid
    , myNodeId :: nid
    , myAddress :: SockAddr
    }
 deriving Generic

deriving instance (Eq ni, Eq nid) => Eq (Info ni nid)
deriving instance (Show ni, Show nid) => Show (Info ni nid)

-- instance (Eq ip, Serialize ip) => Serialize (Info ip)

-- | The routing table covers the entire 'NodeId' space from 0 to 2 ^
-- 160. The routing table is subdivided into 'Bucket's that each cover
-- a portion of the space. An empty table has one bucket with an ID
-- space range of @min = 0, max = 2 ^ 160@. When a node with ID \"N\"
-- is inserted into the table, it is placed within the bucket that has
-- @min <= N < max@. An empty table has only one bucket so any node
-- must fit within it. Each bucket can only hold 'K' nodes, currently
-- eight, before becoming 'Full'. When a bucket is full of known good
-- nodes, no more nodes may be added unless our own 'NodeId' falls
-- within the range of the 'Bucket'. In that case, the bucket is
-- replaced by two new buckets each with half the range of the old
-- bucket and the nodes from the old bucket are distributed among the
-- two new ones. For a new table with only one bucket, the full bucket
-- is always split into two new buckets covering the ranges @0..2 ^
-- 159@ and @2 ^ 159..2 ^ 160@.
--
data Table ni nid
  -- most nearest bucket
  = Tip  nid Int (Bucket ni)

  -- left biased tree branch
  | Zero (Table ni nid) (Bucket ni)

  -- right biased tree branch
  | One  (Bucket ni) (Table ni nid)
    deriving Generic

instance (Eq ni, Eq nid) => Eq (Table ni nid) where
  (==) = (==) `on` Network.DHT.Routing.toList

#if 0

instance Serialize NominalDiffTime where
  put = putWord32be . fromIntegral   . fromEnum
  get = (toEnum     . fromIntegral) <$> getWord32be

#endif

deriving instance (Show ni, Show nid) => Show (Table ni nid)

#if 0

-- | Normally, routing table should be saved between invocations of
-- the client software. Note that you don't need to store /this/
-- 'NodeId' since it is already included in routing table.
instance (Eq ip, Serialize ip, Ord (NodeId), Serialize (NodeId), Serialize u) => Serialize (Table)

#endif

-- | Shape of the table.
instance Pretty (Table ni nid) where
  pPrint t
    | bucketCount < 6 = hcat $ punctuate ", " $ L.map PP.int ss
    |    otherwise    = brackets $
      PP.int (L.sum    ss) <> " nodes, " <>
      PP.int bucketCount   <> " buckets"
    where
      bucketCount = L.length ss
      ss = shape t

-- | Empty table with specified /spine/ node id.
nullTable :: nid -> Int -> Table ni nid
nullTable nid n = Tip nid (bucketCount (pred n)) (Bucket PSQ.empty (runIdentity $ emptyQueue bucketQ))
  where
    bucketCount x = max 0 (min 159 x)

#if 0

-- | Test if table is empty. In this case DHT should start
-- bootstrapping process until table becomes 'full'.
null :: Table -> Bool
null (Tip _ _ b) = PSQ.null $ bktNodes b
null  _          = False

-- | Test if table have maximum number of nodes. No more nodes can be
-- 'insert'ed, except old ones becomes bad.
full :: Table -> Bool
full (Tip  _ n _) = n == 0
full (Zero   t b) = PSQ.size (bktNodes b) == defaultBucketSize && full t
full (One    b t) = PSQ.size (bktNodes b) == defaultBucketSize && full t

-- | Get the /spine/ node id.
thisId :: Table -> NodeId
thisId (Tip  nid _ _) = nid
thisId (Zero table _) = thisId table
thisId (One _  table) = thisId table

-- | Number of nodes in a bucket or a table.
type NodeCount   = Int

#endif

-- | Internally, routing table is similar to list of buckets or a
-- /matrix/ of nodes. This function returns the shape of the matrix.
shape :: Table ni nid -> [Int]
shape = map (PSQ.size . bktNodes) . toBucketList

#if 0

-- | Get number of nodes in the table.
size :: Table -> NodeCount
size = L.sum . shape

-- | Get number of buckets in the table.
depth :: Table -> BucketCount
depth = L.length . shape

#endif

lookupBucket :: ( FiniteBits nid
                , Ord nid
                ) => nid -> Table ni nid -> [Bucket ni]
lookupBucket nid = go 0 []
  where
    go i bs (Zero table bucket)
      |  testIdBit nid i     = bucket : toBucketList table ++ bs
      |     otherwise        = go (succ i) (bucket:bs) table
    go i bs (One  bucket table)
      |  testIdBit nid i     = go (succ i) (bucket:bs) table
      |     otherwise        = bucket : toBucketList table ++ bs
    go _ bs (Tip _ _ bucket) = bucket : bs


compatibleNodeId :: forall ni nid.
                    ( Serialize nid, FiniteBits nid) =>
                    Table ni nid -> IO nid
compatibleNodeId tbl = genBucketSample prefix br
 where
    br = bucketRange (L.length (shape tbl) - 1) True
    nodeIdSize = finiteBitSize (undefined :: nid) `div` 8
    bs = BS.pack $ take nodeIdSize $ tablePrefix tbl ++ repeat 0
    prefix = either error id $ S.decode bs

tablePrefix :: Table ni nid -> [Word8]
tablePrefix = map (packByte . take 8 . (++repeat False))
              . chunksOf 8
              . tableBits
 where
    packByte = foldl1' (.|.) . zipWith bitmask [7,6 .. 0]
    bitmask ix True = bit ix
    bitmask _  _    = 0

tableBits :: Table ni nid -> [Bool]
tableBits (One _ tbl)  = True : tableBits tbl
tableBits (Zero tbl _) = False : tableBits tbl
tableBits (Tip _ _ _)  = []

chunksOf :: Int -> [e] -> [[e]]
chunksOf i ls = map (take i) (build (splitter ls)) where
  splitter :: [e] -> ([e] -> a -> a) -> a -> a
  splitter [] _ n = n
  splitter l c n  = l `c` splitter (drop i l) c n

build :: ((a -> [a] -> [a]) -> [a] -> [a]) -> [a]
build g = g (:) []

#if 0


-- | Count of closest nodes in find_node request.
type K = Int

-- | Default 'K' is equal to 'defaultBucketSize'.
defaultK :: K
defaultK = 8

class TableKey dht k where
  toNodeId :: k -> NodeId

instance TableKey dht (NodeId) where
  toNodeId = id

#endif

-- | In Kademlia, the distance metric is XOR and the result is
-- interpreted as an unsigned integer.
newtype NodeDistance nodeid = NodeDistance nodeid
  deriving (Eq, Ord)

-- | distance(A,B) = |A xor B| Smaller values are closer.
distance :: Bits nid => nid -> nid -> NodeDistance nid
distance a b = NodeDistance $ xor a b

-- | Order by closeness: nearest nodes first.
rank :: ( FiniteBits nid
        , Ord nid
        ) => (x -> nid) -> nid -> [x] -> [x]
rank f nid = L.sortBy (comparing (distance nid . f))


-- | Get a list of /K/ closest nodes using XOR metric. Used in
-- 'find_node' and 'get_peers' queries.
kclosest :: ( FiniteBits nid
            , Ord nid
            ) => (ni -> nid) -> Int -> nid -> Table ni nid -> [ni]
kclosest nodeId k nid tbl = take k $ rank nodeId nid (L.concat bucket)
                              ++ rank nodeId nid (L.concat everyone)
 where
    (bucket,everyone) =
        L.splitAt 1
        . L.map (L.map PSQ.key . PSQ.toList . bktNodes)
        . lookupBucket nid
        $ tbl



{-----------------------------------------------------------------------
--  Routing
-----------------------------------------------------------------------}

splitTip :: -- ( Eq ip , Ord (NodeId) , FiniteBits (NodeId)) =>
            Ord ni =>
            (nid -> Word -> Bool)
            -> (ni -> Word -> Bool)
            -> nid -> Int -> BitIx -> Bucket ni -> Table ni nid
splitTip testIdBit testNodeBit nid n i bucket
  | testIdBit nid i = (One  zeros (Tip nid (pred n) ones))
  |    otherwise    = (Zero (Tip nid (pred n) zeros) ones)
  where
    (ones, zeros) = split testNodeBit i bucket

-- | Used in each query.
--
-- TODO: Kademlia non-empty subtrees should should split if they have less than
-- k nodes in them.  Which subtrees I mean is illustrated in Fig 1. of Kademlia
-- paper.  The rule requiring additional splits is in section 2.4.
modifyBucket
  :: -- ( Eq ip , Ord (NodeId) , FiniteBits (NodeId)) =>
    forall ni nid xs. Ord ni =>
    (nid -> Word -> Bool)
    -> (ni -> Word -> Bool)
    -> nid -> (Bucket ni -> Maybe (xs, Bucket ni)) -> Table ni nid -> Maybe (xs,Table ni nid)
modifyBucket testIdBit testNodeBit nodeId f = go (0 :: BitIx)
  where
    go :: BitIx -> Table ni nid -> Maybe (xs, Table ni nid)
    go !i (Zero table  bucket)
      | testIdBit nodeId i  = second (Zero  table) <$> f bucket
      |     otherwise       = second (`Zero` bucket) <$> go (succ i) table
    go !i (One  bucket table )
      | testIdBit nodeId i  = second (One  bucket)   <$> go (succ i) table
      |     otherwise       = second (`One` table)   <$> f bucket
    go !i (Tip nid n bucket)
      |        n == 0       = second (Tip nid n)    <$> f bucket
      |     otherwise       = second (Tip nid n)    <$> f bucket
                           <|>  go i (splitTip testIdBit testNodeBit nid n i bucket)


-- | Triggering event for atomic table update
data Event ni = TryInsert  { foreignNode :: ni }
              | PingResult { foreignNode :: ni , ponged :: Bool }

#if 0
deriving instance Eq (NodeId) => Eq (Event)
deriving instance ( Show ip
                  , Show (NodeId)
                  , Show u
                  ) => Show (Event)

#endif

eventId :: (ni -> nid) -> Event ni -> nid
eventId nodeId (TryInsert ni)    = nodeId ni
eventId nodeId (PingResult ni _) = nodeId ni


-- | Actions requested by atomic table update
data CheckPing ni = CheckPing [ni]

#if 0

deriving instance Eq (NodeId) => Eq (CheckPing)
deriving instance ( Show ip
                  , Show (NodeId)
                  , Show u
                  ) => Show (CheckPing)

#endif

-- | Atomic 'Table' update
insert :: -- ( Eq ip , Applicative m , Ord (NodeId) , FiniteBits (NodeId)) =>
    (Applicative m, Ord ni) =>
    (nid -> Word -> Bool)
    -> (ni -> nid)
    -> Timestamp -> Event ni -> Table ni nid -> m ([CheckPing ni], Table ni nid)
insert testIdBit nodeId tm event tbl = pure $ fromMaybe ([],tbl) $ modifyBucket testIdBit (\ni -> testIdBit $ nodeId ni) (eventId nodeId event) (insertBucket tm event) tbl



{-----------------------------------------------------------------------
--  Conversion
-----------------------------------------------------------------------}

type TableEntry ni = (ni, Timestamp)

tableEntry :: NodeEntry ni -> TableEntry ni
tableEntry (a :-> b) = (a, b)

-- | Non-empty list of buckets.
toBucketList :: Table ni nid -> [Bucket ni]
toBucketList (Tip _ _ b) = [b]
toBucketList (Zero  t b) = b : toBucketList t
toBucketList (One   b t) = b : toBucketList t

toList :: Table ni nid -> [[TableEntry ni]]
toList = L.map (L.map tableEntry . PSQ.toList . bktNodes) . toBucketList