separation of Internal

6 files changed, 383 insertions, 293 deletions

diff --git a/lib/Data/Packed/Internal.hs b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal.hs
deleted file mode 100644
index b06f044..0000000
--- a/lib/Data/Packed/Internal.hs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,293 +0,0 @@
-{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts -fallow-undecidable-instances #-}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- |
--- Module      :  Data.Packed.Internal
--- Copyright   :  (c) Alberto Ruiz 2007
--- License     :  GPL-style
---
--- Maintainer  :  Alberto Ruiz <aruiz@um.es>
--- Stability   :  provisional
--- Portability :  portable (uses FFI)
---
--- Fundamental types
---
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-module Data.Packed.Internal where
-
-import Foreign hiding (xor)
-import Complex
-import Control.Monad(when)
-import Debug.Trace
-import Data.List(transpose,intersperse)
-import Data.Typeable
-import Data.Maybe(fromJust)
-
-debug x = trace (show x) x
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-instance (Storable a, RealFloat a) => Storable (Complex a) where    --
-    alignment x = alignment (realPart x)                            --
-    sizeOf x    = 2 * sizeOf (realPart x)                           --
-    peek p = do                                                     --
-        [re,im] <- peekArray 2 (castPtr p)                          --
-        return (re :+ im)                                           --
-    poke p (a :+ b) = pokeArray (castPtr p) [a,b]                   --
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-(//) :: x -> (x -> y) -> y
-infixl 0 //
-(//) = flip ($)
-
-check msg ls f = do
-    err <- f
-    when (err/=0) (error msg)
-    mapM_ (touchForeignPtr . fptr) ls
-    return ()
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-data Vector t = V { dim  :: Int
-                  , fptr :: ForeignPtr t
-                  , ptr  :: Ptr t
-                  } deriving Typeable
-
-type Vc t s = Int -> Ptr t -> s
-infixr 5 :>
-type t :> s = Vc t s
-
-vec :: Vector t -> (Vc t s) -> s
-vec v f = f (dim v) (ptr v)
-
-createVector :: Storable a => Int -> IO (Vector a)
-createVector n = do
-    when (n <= 0) $ error ("trying to createVector of dim "++show n)
-    fp <- mallocForeignPtrArray n
-    let p = unsafeForeignPtrToPtr fp
-    --putStrLn ("\n---------> V"++show n)
-    return $ V n fp p
-
-fromList :: Storable a => [a] -> Vector a
-fromList l = unsafePerformIO $ do
-    v <- createVector (length l)
-    let f _ p = pokeArray p l >> return 0
-    f // vec v // check "fromList" []
-    return v
-
-toList :: Storable a => Vector a -> [a]
-toList v = unsafePerformIO $ peekArray (dim v) (ptr v)
-
-n # l = if length l == n then fromList l else error "# with wrong size"
-
-at' :: Storable a => Vector a -> Int -> a
-at' v n = unsafePerformIO $ peekElemOff (ptr v) n
-
-at :: Storable a => Vector a -> Int -> a
-at v n | n >= 0 && n < dim v = at' v n
-       | otherwise          = error "vector index out of range"
-
-instance (Show a, Storable a) => (Show (Vector a)) where
-    show v = (show (dim v))++" # " ++ show (toList v)
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-data MatrixOrder = RowMajor | ColumnMajor deriving (Show,Eq)
-
--- | 2D array
-data Matrix t = M { rows     :: Int
-                  , cols     :: Int
-                  , cmat     :: Vector t
-                  , fmat     :: Vector t
-                  , isTrans  :: Bool
-                  , order    :: MatrixOrder
-                  } deriving Typeable
-
-xor a b = a && not b || b && not a
-
-fortran m = order m == ColumnMajor
-
-dat m = if fortran m `xor` isTrans m then fmat m else cmat m
-
-pref m = if fortran m then fmat m else cmat m
-
-trans m = m { rows = cols m
-            , cols = rows m
-            , isTrans = not (isTrans m)
-            }
-
-type Mt t s = Int -> Int -> Ptr t -> s
-infixr 6 ::>
-type t ::> s = Mt t s
-
-mat :: Matrix t -> (Mt t s) -> s
-mat m f = f (rows m) (cols m) (ptr (dat m))
-
-gmat m f | fortran m =
-                if (isTrans m)
-                    then f 0 (rows m) (cols m) (ptr (fmat m))
-                    else f 1 (cols m) (rows m) (ptr (fmat m))
-         | otherwise =
-                if isTrans m
-                    then f 1 (cols m) (rows m) (ptr (cmat m))
-                    else f 0 (rows m) (cols m) (ptr (cmat m))
-
-instance (Show a, Storable a) => (Show (Matrix a)) where
-    show m = (sizes++) . dsp . map (map show) . toLists $ m
-        where sizes = "("++show (rows m)++"><"++show (cols m)++")\n"
-
-partit :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]]
-partit _ [] = []
-partit n l  = take n l : partit n (drop n l)
-
-toLists m = partit (cols m) . toList . cmat $ m
-
-dsp as = (++" ]") . (" ["++) . init . drop 2 . unlines . map (" , "++) . map unwords' $ transpose mtp
-    where
-        mt = transpose as
-        longs = map (maximum . map length) mt
-        mtp = zipWith (\a b -> map (pad a) b) longs mt
-        pad n str = replicate (n - length str) ' ' ++ str
-        unwords' = concat . intersperse ", "
-
-matrixFromVector RowMajor c v =
-    M { rows = r
-      , cols = c
-      , cmat  = v
-      , fmat = transdata c v r
-      , order = RowMajor
-      , isTrans = False
-      } where r = dim v `div` c -- TODO check mod=0
-
-matrixFromVector ColumnMajor c v =
-    M { rows = r
-      , cols = c
-      , fmat  = v
-      , cmat = transdata c v r
-      , order = ColumnMajor
-      , isTrans = False
-      } where r = dim v `div` c -- TODO check mod=0
-
-createMatrix order r c = do
-    p <- createVector (r*c)
-    return (matrixFromVector order c p)
-
-transdataG :: Storable a => Int -> Vector a -> Int -> Vector a 
-transdataG c1 d c2 = fromList . concat . transpose . partit c1 . toList $ d
-
-transdataR :: Int -> Vector Double -> Int -> Vector Double
-transdataR = transdataAux ctransR
-
-transdataC :: Int -> Vector (Complex Double) -> Int -> Vector (Complex Double)
-transdataC = transdataAux ctransC
-
-transdataAux fun c1 d c2 = unsafePerformIO $ do
-    v <- createVector (dim d)
-    let r1 = dim d `div` c1
-        r2 = dim d `div` c2
-    fun r1 c1 (ptr d) r2 c2 (ptr v) // check "transdataAux" [d]
-    --putStrLn "---> transdataAux"
-    return v
-
-foreign import ccall safe "aux.h transR"
-    ctransR :: Double ::> Double ::> IO Int
-foreign import ccall safe "aux.h transC"
-    ctransC :: Complex Double ::> Complex Double ::> IO Int
-
-
-class (Storable a, Typeable a) => Field a where
-instance (Storable a, Typeable a) => Field a where
-
-isReal w x   = typeOf (undefined :: Double) == typeOf (w x)
-isComp w x = typeOf (undefined :: Complex Double) == typeOf (w x)
-baseOf v = (v `at` 0)
-
-scast :: forall a . forall b . (Typeable a, Typeable b) => a -> b
-scast = fromJust . cast
-
-transdata :: Field a => Int -> Vector a -> Int -> Vector a
-transdata c1 d c2 | isReal baseOf d = scast $ transdataR c1 (scast d) c2
-                  | isComp baseOf d = scast $ transdataC c1 (scast d) c2
-                  | otherwise       = transdataG c1 d c2
-
---transdata :: Storable a => Int -> Vector a -> Int -> Vector a 
---transdata = transdataG
---{-# RULES "transdataR" transdata=transdataR #-}
---{-# RULES "transdataC" transdata=transdataC #-}
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-constantG n x = fromList (replicate n x)
-
-constantR :: Int -> Double -> Vector Double
-constantR = constantAux cconstantR
-
-constantC :: Int -> Complex Double -> Vector (Complex Double)
-constantC = constantAux cconstantC
-
-constantAux fun n x = unsafePerformIO $ do
-    v <- createVector n
-    px <- newArray [x]
-    fun px // vec v // check "constantAux" []
-    free px
-    return v
-
-foreign import ccall safe "aux.h constantR"
-    cconstantR :: Ptr Double -> Double :> IO Int
-
-foreign import ccall safe "aux.h constantC"
-    cconstantC :: Ptr (Complex Double) -> Complex Double :> IO Int
-
-constant :: Field a => Int -> a -> Vector a
-constant n x | isReal id x = scast $ constantR n (scast x)
-             | isComp id x = scast $ constantC n (scast x)
-             | otherwise   = constantG n x
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-dotL a b = sum (zipWith (*) a b)
-
-multiplyL a b = [[dotL x y | y <- transpose b] | x <- a]
-
-transL m = m {rows = cols m, cols = rows m, cmat = v, fmat = cmat m}
-    where v = transdataG (cols m) (cmat m) (rows m)
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-multiplyG a b = matrixFromVector RowMajor (cols b) $ fromList $ concat $ multiplyL (toLists a) (toLists b)
-
-multiplyAux order fun a b = unsafePerformIO $ do
-    when (cols a /= rows b) $ error $ "inconsistent dimensions in contraction "++
-                                      show (rows a,cols a) ++ " x " ++ show (rows b, cols b)
-    r <- createMatrix order (rows a) (cols b)
-    fun // gmat a // gmat b // mat r // check "multiplyAux" [pref a, pref b]
-    return r
-
-foreign import ccall safe "aux.h multiplyR"
-    cmultiplyR :: Int -> Double ::> (Int -> Double ::> (Double ::> IO Int))
-
-foreign import ccall safe "aux.h multiplyC"
-    cmultiplyC :: Int -> Complex Double ::> (Int -> Complex Double ::> (Complex Double ::> IO Int))
-
-multiply :: (Num a, Field a) => MatrixOrder -> Matrix a -> Matrix a -> Matrix a
-multiply RowMajor a b    = multiplyD RowMajor a b
-multiply ColumnMajor a b = trans $ multiplyT ColumnMajor a b
-
-multiplyT order a b = multiplyD order (trans b) (trans a)
-
-multiplyD order a b 
-    | isReal (baseOf.dat) a = scast $ multiplyAux order cmultiplyR (scast a) (scast b)
-    | isComp (baseOf.dat) a = scast $ multiplyAux order cmultiplyC (scast a) (scast b)
-    | otherwise             = multiplyG a b
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-data IdxTp = Covariant | Contravariant
-
--- | multidimensional array
-data Tensor t = T { rank   :: Int
-                  , dims   :: [Int]
-                  , idxNm  :: [String]
-                  , idxTp  :: [IdxTp]
-                  , ten    :: Vector t
-                  }
-
diff --git a/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Matrix.hs b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Matrix.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c57c07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Matrix.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts -fallow-undecidable-instances #-}
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- |
+-- Module      :  Data.Packed.Internal.Matrix
+-- Copyright   :  (c) Alberto Ruiz 2007
+-- License     :  GPL-style
+--
+-- Maintainer  :  Alberto Ruiz <aruiz@um.es>
+-- Stability   :  provisional
+-- Portability :  portable (uses FFI)
+--
+-- Fundamental types
+--
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+module Data.Packed.Internal.Matrix where
+
+import Data.Packed.Internal.Vector
+
+import Foreign hiding (xor)
+import Complex
+import Control.Monad(when)
+import Debug.Trace
+import Data.List(transpose,intersperse)
+import Data.Typeable
+import Data.Maybe(fromJust)
+
+debug x = trace (show x) x
+
+
+data MatrixOrder = RowMajor | ColumnMajor deriving (Show,Eq)
+
+-- | 2D array
+data Matrix t = M { rows    :: Int
+                  , cols    :: Int
+                  , dat     :: Vector t
+                  , tdat    :: Vector t
+                  , isTrans :: Bool
+                  , order   :: MatrixOrder
+                  } deriving Typeable
+
+xor a b = a && not b || b && not a
+
+fortran m = order m == ColumnMajor
+
+cdat m = if fortran m `xor` isTrans m then tdat m else dat m
+fdat m = if fortran m `xor` isTrans m then dat m else tdat m
+
+trans m = m { rows = cols m
+            , cols = rows m
+            , isTrans = not (isTrans m)
+            }
+
+type Mt t s = Int -> Int -> Ptr t -> s
+infixr 6 ::>
+type t ::> s = Mt t s
+
+mat d m f = f (rows m) (cols m) (ptr (d m))
+
+instance (Show a, Storable a) => (Show (Matrix a)) where
+    show m = (sizes++) . dsp . map (map show) . toLists $ m
+        where sizes = "("++show (rows m)++"><"++show (cols m)++")\n"
+
+partit :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]]
+partit _ [] = []
+partit n l  = take n l : partit n (drop n l)
+
+toLists m | fortran m = transpose $ partit (rows m) . toList . dat $ m
+          | otherwise = partit (cols m) . toList . dat $ m
+
+dsp as = (++" ]") . (" ["++) . init . drop 2 . unlines . map (" , "++) . map unwords' $ transpose mtp
+    where
+        mt = transpose as
+        longs = map (maximum . map length) mt
+        mtp = zipWith (\a b -> map (pad a) b) longs mt
+        pad n str = replicate (n - length str) ' ' ++ str
+        unwords' = concat . intersperse ", "
+
+matrixFromVector RowMajor c v =
+    M { rows = r
+      , cols = c
+      , dat  = v
+      , tdat = transdata c v r
+      , order = RowMajor
+      , isTrans = False
+      } where r = dim v `div` c -- TODO check mod=0
+
+matrixFromVector ColumnMajor c v =
+    M { rows = r
+      , cols = c
+      , dat  = v
+      , tdat = transdata r v c
+      , order = ColumnMajor
+      , isTrans = False
+      } where r = dim v `div` c -- TODO check mod=0
+
+createMatrix order r c = do
+    p <- createVector (r*c)
+    return (matrixFromVector order c p)
+
+transdataG :: Storable a => Int -> Vector a -> Int -> Vector a 
+transdataG c1 d c2 = fromList . concat . transpose . partit c1 . toList $ d
+
+transdataR :: Int -> Vector Double -> Int -> Vector Double
+transdataR = transdataAux ctransR
+
+transdataC :: Int -> Vector (Complex Double) -> Int -> Vector (Complex Double)
+transdataC = transdataAux ctransC
+
+transdataAux fun c1 d c2 = unsafePerformIO $ do
+    v <- createVector (dim d)
+    let r1 = dim d `div` c1
+        r2 = dim d `div` c2
+    fun r1 c1 (ptr d) r2 c2 (ptr v) // check "transdataAux" [d]
+    --putStrLn "---> transdataAux"
+    return v
+
+foreign import ccall safe "aux.h transR"
+    ctransR :: Double ::> Double ::> IO Int
+foreign import ccall safe "aux.h transC"
+    ctransC :: Complex Double ::> Complex Double ::> IO Int
+
+transdata :: Field a => Int -> Vector a -> Int -> Vector a
+transdata c1 d c2 | isReal baseOf d = scast $ transdataR c1 (scast d) c2
+                  | isComp baseOf d = scast $ transdataC c1 (scast d) c2
+                  | otherwise       = transdataG c1 d c2
+
+--transdata :: Storable a => Int -> Vector a -> Int -> Vector a 
+--transdata = transdataG
+--{-# RULES "transdataR" transdata=transdataR #-}
+--{-# RULES "transdataC" transdata=transdataC #-}
+
+-- | extracts the rows of a matrix as a list of vectors
+toRows :: Storable t => Matrix t -> [Vector t]
+toRows m = toRows' 0 where
+    v = cdat m
+    r = rows m
+    c = cols m
+    toRows' k | k == r*c  = []
+              | otherwise = subVector k c v : toRows' (k+c)
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+dotL a b = sum (zipWith (*) a b)
+
+multiplyL a b = [[dotL x y | y <- transpose b] | x <- a]
+
+transL m = matrixFromVector RowMajor (rows m) $ transdataG (cols m) (cdat m) (rows m)
+
+multiplyG a b = matrixFromVector RowMajor (cols b) $ fromList $ concat $ multiplyL (toLists a) (toLists b)
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+gmatC m f | fortran m =
+                if (isTrans m)
+                    then f 0 (rows m) (cols m) (ptr (dat m))
+                    else f 1 (cols m) (rows m) (ptr (dat m))
+         | otherwise =
+                if isTrans m
+                    then f 1 (cols m) (rows m) (ptr (dat m))
+                    else f 0 (rows m) (cols m) (ptr (dat m))
+
+
+multiplyAux order fun a b = unsafePerformIO $ do
+    when (cols a /= rows b) $ error $ "inconsistent dimensions in contraction "++
+                                      show (rows a,cols a) ++ " x " ++ show (rows b, cols b)
+    r <- createMatrix order (rows a) (cols b)
+    fun // gmatC a // gmatC b // mat dat r // check "multiplyAux" [dat a, dat b]
+    return r
+
+foreign import ccall safe "aux.h multiplyR"
+    cmultiplyR :: Int -> Double ::> (Int -> Double ::> (Double ::> IO Int))
+
+foreign import ccall safe "aux.h multiplyC"
+    cmultiplyC :: Int -> Complex Double ::> (Int -> Complex Double ::> (Complex Double ::> IO Int))
+
+multiply :: (Num a, Field a) => MatrixOrder -> Matrix a -> Matrix a -> Matrix a
+multiply RowMajor a b    = multiplyD RowMajor a b
+multiply ColumnMajor a b = trans $ multiplyT ColumnMajor a b
+
+multiplyT order a b = multiplyD order (trans b) (trans a)
+
+multiplyD order a b 
+    | isReal (baseOf.dat) a = scast $ multiplyAux order cmultiplyR (scast a) (scast b)
+    | isComp (baseOf.dat) a = scast $ multiplyAux order cmultiplyC (scast a) (scast b)
+    | otherwise             = multiplyG a b
+
diff --git a/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Tensor.hs b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Tensor.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11101a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Tensor.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts -fallow-undecidable-instances #-}
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- |
+-- Module      :  Data.Packed.Internal.Tensor
+-- Copyright   :  (c) Alberto Ruiz 2007
+-- License     :  GPL-style
+--
+-- Maintainer  :  Alberto Ruiz <aruiz@um.es>
+-- Stability   :  provisional
+-- Portability :  portable (uses FFI)
+--
+-- Fundamental types
+--
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+module Data.Packed.Internal.Tensor where
+
+import Data.Packed.Internal.Vector
+import Data.Packed.Internal.Matrix
+
+
+data IdxTp = Covariant | Contravariant deriving Show
+
+data Tensor t = T { dims   :: [(Int,(IdxTp,String))]
+                  , ten    :: Vector t
+                  } deriving Show
+
+rank = length . dims
+
+outer u v = dat (multiply RowMajor r c)
+    where r = matrixFromVector RowMajor 1 u
+          c = matrixFromVector RowMajor (dim v) v
diff --git a/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Vector.hs b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Vector.hs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7dcefeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Vector.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts -fallow-undecidable-instances #-}
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- |
+-- Module      :  Data.Packed.Internal.Vector
+-- Copyright   :  (c) Alberto Ruiz 2007
+-- License     :  GPL-style
+--
+-- Maintainer  :  Alberto Ruiz <aruiz@um.es>
+-- Stability   :  provisional
+-- Portability :  portable (uses FFI)
+--
+-- Fundamental types
+--
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+module Data.Packed.Internal.Vector where
+
+import Foreign
+import Complex
+import Control.Monad(when)
+import Debug.Trace
+import Data.List(transpose,intersperse)
+import Data.Typeable
+import Data.Maybe(fromJust)
+
+debug x = trace (show x) x
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+instance (Storable a, RealFloat a) => Storable (Complex a) where    --
+    alignment x = alignment (realPart x)                            --
+    sizeOf x    = 2 * sizeOf (realPart x)                           --
+    peek p = do                                                     --
+        [re,im] <- peekArray 2 (castPtr p)                          --
+        return (re :+ im)                                           --
+    poke p (a :+ b) = pokeArray (castPtr p) [a,b]                   --
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+(//) :: x -> (x -> y) -> y
+infixl 0 //
+(//) = flip ($)
+
+check msg ls f = do
+    err <- f
+    when (err/=0) (error msg)
+    mapM_ (touchForeignPtr . fptr) ls
+    return ()
+
+class (Storable a, Typeable a) => Field a where
+instance (Storable a, Typeable a) => Field a where
+
+isReal w x   = typeOf (undefined :: Double) == typeOf (w x)
+isComp w x = typeOf (undefined :: Complex Double) == typeOf (w x)
+baseOf v = (v `at` 0)
+
+scast :: forall a . forall b . (Typeable a, Typeable b) => a -> b
+scast = fromJust . cast
+
+
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+data Vector t = V { dim  :: Int
+                  , fptr :: ForeignPtr t
+                  , ptr  :: Ptr t
+                  } deriving Typeable
+
+type Vc t s = Int -> Ptr t -> s
+infixr 5 :>
+type t :> s = Vc t s
+
+vec :: Vector t -> (Vc t s) -> s
+vec v f = f (dim v) (ptr v)
+
+createVector :: Storable a => Int -> IO (Vector a)
+createVector n = do
+    when (n <= 0) $ error ("trying to createVector of dim "++show n)
+    fp <- mallocForeignPtrArray n
+    let p = unsafeForeignPtrToPtr fp
+    --putStrLn ("\n---------> V"++show n)
+    return $ V n fp p
+
+fromList :: Storable a => [a] -> Vector a
+fromList l = unsafePerformIO $ do
+    v <- createVector (length l)
+    let f _ p = pokeArray p l >> return 0
+    f // vec v // check "fromList" []
+    return v
+
+toList :: Storable a => Vector a -> [a]
+toList v = unsafePerformIO $ peekArray (dim v) (ptr v)
+
+n # l = if length l == n then fromList l else error "# with wrong size"
+
+at' :: Storable a => Vector a -> Int -> a
+at' v n = unsafePerformIO $ peekElemOff (ptr v) n
+
+at :: Storable a => Vector a -> Int -> a
+at v n | n >= 0 && n < dim v = at' v n
+       | otherwise          = error "vector index out of range"
+
+instance (Show a, Storable a) => (Show (Vector a)) where
+    show v = (show (dim v))++" # " ++ show (toList v)
+
+-- | creates a Vector taking a number of consecutive toList from another Vector
+subVector :: Storable t => Int       -- ^ index of the starting element
+                        -> Int       -- ^ number of toList to extract
+                        -> Vector t  -- ^ source
+                        -> Vector t  -- ^ result
+subVector k l (v@V {dim=n, ptr=p, fptr=fp})
+    | k<0 || k >= n || k+l > n || l < 0 = error "subVector out of range"
+    | otherwise = unsafePerformIO $ do
+        r <- createVector l
+        let f = copyArray (ptr r) (advancePtr p k) l >> return 0
+        f // check "subVector" [v]
+        return r
+
+subVector' k l (v@V {dim=n, ptr=p, fptr=fp})
+    | k<0 || k >= n || k+l > n || l < 0 = error "subVector out of range"
+    | otherwise = v {dim=l, ptr=advancePtr p k}
+
+
+{-
+-- | creates a new Vector by joining a list of Vectors
+join :: Field t => [Vector t] -> Vector t
+join [] = error "joining an empty list"
+join as = unsafePerformIO $ do
+    let tot = sum (map size as)
+    p <- mallocForeignPtrArray tot
+    withForeignPtr p $ \p ->
+        joiner as tot p
+    return (V tot p)
+  where joiner [] _ _ = return ()
+        joiner (V n b : cs) _ p = do
+            withForeignPtr b  $ \b' -> copyArray p b' n
+            joiner cs 0 (advancePtr p n)
+-}
+
+
+constantG n x = fromList (replicate n x)
+
+constantR :: Int -> Double -> Vector Double
+constantR = constantAux cconstantR
+
+constantC :: Int -> Complex Double -> Vector (Complex Double)
+constantC = constantAux cconstantC
+
+constantAux fun n x = unsafePerformIO $ do
+    v <- createVector n
+    px <- newArray [x]
+    fun px // vec v // check "constantAux" []
+    free px
+    return v
+
+foreign import ccall safe "aux.h constantR"
+    cconstantR :: Ptr Double -> Double :> IO Int
+
+foreign import ccall safe "aux.h constantC"
+    cconstantC :: Ptr (Complex Double) -> Complex Double :> IO Int
+
+constant :: Field a => Int -> a -> Vector a
+constant n x | isReal id x = scast $ constantR n (scast x)
+             | isComp id x = scast $ constantC n (scast x)
+             | otherwise   = constantG n x
+
diff --git a/lib/Data/Packed/aux.c b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/aux.c
index da36035..da36035 100644
--- a/lib/Data/Packed/aux.c
+++ b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/aux.c
diff --git a/lib/Data/Packed/aux.h b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/aux.h
index f45b55a..f45b55a 100644
--- a/lib/Data/Packed/aux.h
+++ b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/aux.h