type classes

6 files changed, 184 insertions, 144 deletions

diff --git a/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Common.hs b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Common.hs
index 1bfed6d..1212968 100644
--- a/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Common.hs
+++ b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Common.hs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ debug x = trace (show x) x
 data Vector t = V { dim  :: Int
                   , fptr :: ForeignPtr t
                   , ptr  :: Ptr t
-                  } deriving Typeable
+                  } -- deriving Typeable
 
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 instance (Storable a, RealFloat a) => Storable (Complex a) where    --
@@ -78,17 +78,17 @@ check msg ls f = do
     mapM_ (touchForeignPtr . fptr) ls
     return ()
 
-class (Storable a, Typeable a) => Field a
-instance (Storable a, Typeable a) => Field a
+--class (Storable a, Typeable a) => Field a
+--instance (Storable a, Typeable a) => Field a
 
-isReal :: (Data.Typeable.Typeable a) => (t -> a) -> t -> Bool
-isReal w x   = typeOf (undefined :: Double) == typeOf (w x)
+--isReal :: (Data.Typeable.Typeable a) => (t -> a) -> t -> Bool
+--isReal w x   = typeOf (undefined :: Double) == typeOf (w x)
 
-isComp :: (Data.Typeable.Typeable a) => (t -> a) -> t -> Bool
-isComp w x = typeOf (undefined :: Complex Double) == typeOf (w x)
+--isComp :: (Data.Typeable.Typeable a) => (t -> a) -> t -> Bool
+--isComp w x = typeOf (undefined :: Complex Double) == typeOf (w x)
 
-scast :: forall a . forall b . (Typeable a, Typeable b) => a -> b
-scast = fromJust . cast
+--scast :: forall a . forall b . (Typeable a, Typeable b) => a -> b
+--scast = fromJust . cast
 
 {- | conversion of Haskell functions into function pointers that can be used in the C side
 -}
diff --git a/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Matrix.hs b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Matrix.hs
index 9895393..48652f3 100644
--- a/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Matrix.hs
+++ b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Matrix.hs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts #-}
+{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts -fallow-overlapping-instances #-}
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- |
 -- Module      :  Data.Packed.Internal.Matrix
@@ -22,9 +22,65 @@ import Foreign hiding (xor)
 import Complex
 import Control.Monad(when)
 import Data.List(transpose,intersperse)
-import Data.Typeable
+--import Data.Typeable
 import Data.Maybe(fromJust)
 
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class Storable a => Field a where
+    constant :: a -> Int -> Vector a
+    transdata :: Int -> Vector a -> Int -> Vector a
+    multiplyD :: MatrixOrder -> Matrix a -> Matrix a -> Matrix a
+    subMatrix :: (Int,Int) -- ^ (r0,c0) starting position 
+              -> (Int,Int) -- ^ (rt,ct) dimensions of submatrix
+              -> Matrix a -> Matrix a
+    diag :: Vector a -> Matrix a
+
+
+instance Field Double where
+    constant  = constantR
+    transdata = transdataR
+    multiplyD = multiplyR
+    subMatrix = subMatrixR
+    diag      = diagR
+
+instance Field (Complex Double) where
+    constant  = constantC
+    transdata = transdataC
+    multiplyD = multiplyC
+    subMatrix = subMatrixC
+    diag      = diagC
+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+transdataR :: Int -> Vector Double -> Int -> Vector Double
+transdataR = transdataAux ctransR
+
+transdataC :: Int -> Vector (Complex Double) -> Int -> Vector (Complex Double)
+transdataC = transdataAux ctransC
+
+transdataAux fun c1 d c2 =
+    if noneed
+        then d
+        else unsafePerformIO $ do
+            v <- createVector (dim d)
+            fun r1 c1 (ptr d) r2 c2 (ptr v) // check "transdataAux" [d]
+            --putStrLn "---> transdataAux"
+            return v
+  where r1 = dim d `div` c1
+        r2 = dim d `div` c2
+        noneed = r1 == 1 || c1 == 1
+
+foreign import ccall safe "aux.h transR"
+    ctransR :: TMM -- Double ::> Double ::> IO Int
+foreign import ccall safe "aux.h transC"
+    ctransC :: TCMCM -- Complex Double ::> Complex Double ::> IO Int
+
+transdataG c1 d c2 = fromList . concat . transpose . partit c1 . toList $ d
+
+
+
+
 
 data MatrixOrder = RowMajor | ColumnMajor deriving (Show,Eq)
 
@@ -34,9 +90,18 @@ data Matrix t = M { rows    :: Int
                   , tdat    :: Vector t
                   , isTrans :: Bool
                   , order   :: MatrixOrder
-                  } deriving Typeable
+                  } -- deriving Typeable
 
 
+data NMat t = MC { rws, cls :: Int, dtc :: Vector t}
+            | MF { rws, cls :: Int, dtf :: Vector t}
+            | Tr (NMat t)
+
+ntrans (Tr m) = m
+ntrans m = Tr m
+
+viewC m@MC{} = m
+viewF m@MF{} = m
 
 fortran m = order m == ColumnMajor
 
@@ -78,7 +143,11 @@ matrixFromVector RowMajor c v =
       , tdat = transdata c v r
       , order = RowMajor
       , isTrans = False
-      } where r = dim v `div` c -- TODO check mod=0
+      } where (d,m) = dim v `divMod` c
+              r | m==0 = d
+                | otherwise = error "matrixFromVector"
+
+-- r = dim v `div` c -- TODO check mod=0
 
 matrixFromVector ColumnMajor c v =
     M { rows = r
@@ -87,7 +156,9 @@ matrixFromVector ColumnMajor c v =
       , tdat = transdata r v c
       , order = ColumnMajor
       , isTrans = False
-      } where r = dim v `div` c -- TODO check mod=0
+      } where (d,m) = dim v `divMod` c
+              r | m==0 = d
+                | otherwise = error "matrixFromVector"
 
 createMatrix order r c = do
     p <- createVector (r*c)
@@ -102,48 +173,11 @@ createMatrix order r c = do
  , 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0 ]@
 
 -}
-reshape :: (Field t) => Int -> Vector t -> Matrix t
+reshape :: Field t => Int -> Vector t -> Matrix t
 reshape c v = matrixFromVector RowMajor c v
 
 singleton x = reshape 1 (fromList [x])
 
-transdataG :: Storable a => Int -> Vector a -> Int -> Vector a 
-transdataG c1 d c2 = fromList . concat . transpose . partit c1 . toList $ d
-
-transdataR :: Int -> Vector Double -> Int -> Vector Double
-transdataR = transdataAux ctransR
-
-transdataC :: Int -> Vector (Complex Double) -> Int -> Vector (Complex Double)
-transdataC = transdataAux ctransC
-
-transdataAux fun c1 d c2 =
-    if noneed
-        then d
-        else unsafePerformIO $ do
-            v <- createVector (dim d)
-            fun r1 c1 (ptr d) r2 c2 (ptr v) // check "transdataAux" [d]
-            --putStrLn "---> transdataAux"
-            return v
-  where r1 = dim d `div` c1
-        r2 = dim d `div` c2
-        noneed = r1 == 1 || c1 == 1
-
-foreign import ccall safe "aux.h transR"
-    ctransR :: TMM -- Double ::> Double ::> IO Int
-foreign import ccall safe "aux.h transC"
-    ctransC :: TCMCM -- Complex Double ::> Complex Double ::> IO Int
-
-transdata :: Field a => Int -> Vector a -> Int -> Vector a
-transdata c1 d c2 | isReal baseOf d = scast $ transdataR c1 (scast d) c2
-                  | isComp baseOf d = scast $ transdataC c1 (scast d) c2
-                  | otherwise       = transdataG c1 d c2
-
---transdata :: Storable a => Int -> Vector a -> Int -> Vector a 
---transdata = transdataG
---{-# RULES "transdataR" transdata=transdataR #-}
---{-# RULES "transdataC" transdata=transdataC #-}
-
------------------------------------------------------------------
 liftMatrix :: (Field a, Field b) => (Vector a -> Vector b) -> Matrix a -> Matrix b
 liftMatrix f m = reshape (cols m) (f (cdat m))
 
@@ -163,7 +197,7 @@ multiplyL a b | ok = [[dotL x y | y <- transpose b] | x <- a]
                    Nothing -> False
                    Just c  -> c == length b
 
-transL m = matrixFromVector RowMajor (rows m) $ transdataG (cols m) (cdat m) (rows m)
+transL m = matrixFromVector RowMajor (rows m) $ transdata (cols m) (cdat m) (rows m)
 
 multiplyG a b = matrixFromVector RowMajor (cols b) $ fromList $ concat $ multiplyL (toLists a) (toLists b)
 
@@ -179,7 +213,7 @@ gmatC m f | fortran m =
                     else f 0 (rows m) (cols m) (ptr (dat m))
 
 
-multiplyAux order fun a b = unsafePerformIO $ do
+multiplyAux fun order a b = unsafePerformIO $ do
     when (cols a /= rows b) $ error $ "inconsistent dimensions in contraction "++
                                       show (rows a,cols a) ++ " x " ++ show (rows b, cols b)
     r <- createMatrix order (rows a) (cols b)
@@ -198,37 +232,14 @@ foreign import ccall safe "aux.h multiplyC"
                -> Int -> Int -> Ptr (Complex Double)
                -> IO Int
 
-multiply :: (Num a, Field a) => MatrixOrder -> Matrix a -> Matrix a -> Matrix a
+multiply :: (Field a) => MatrixOrder -> Matrix a -> Matrix a -> Matrix a
 multiply RowMajor a b    = multiplyD RowMajor a b
 multiply ColumnMajor a b = m {rows = cols m, cols = rows m, order = ColumnMajor}
     where m = multiplyD RowMajor (trans b) (trans a)
 
-multiplyD order a b
-    | isReal (baseOf.dat) a = scast $ multiplyAux order cmultiplyR (scast a) (scast b)
-    | isComp (baseOf.dat) a = scast $ multiplyAux order cmultiplyC (scast a) (scast b)
-    | otherwise             = multiplyG a b
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-outer' u v = dat (outer u v)
-
-{- | Outer product of two vectors.
-
-@\> 'fromList' [1,2,3] \`outer\` 'fromList' [5,2,3]
-(3><3)
- [  5.0, 2.0, 3.0
- , 10.0, 4.0, 6.0
- , 15.0, 6.0, 9.0 ]@
--}
-outer :: (Num t, Field t) => Vector t -> Vector t -> Matrix t
-outer u v = multiply RowMajor r c
-    where r = matrixFromVector RowMajor 1 u
-          c = matrixFromVector RowMajor (dim v) v
-
-dot :: (Field t, Num t) => Vector t -> Vector t -> t
-dot u v = dat (multiply RowMajor r c) `at` 0
-    where r = matrixFromVector RowMajor (dim u) u
-          c = matrixFromVector RowMajor 1 v
+multiplyR = multiplyAux cmultiplyR
+multiplyC = multiplyAux cmultiplyC
 
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -251,14 +262,14 @@ subMatrixC (r0,c0) (rt,ct) x =
     subMatrixR (r0,2*c0) (rt,2*ct) .
     reshape (2*cols x) . asReal . cdat $ x
 
-subMatrix :: (Field a) 
-          => (Int,Int) -- ^ (r0,c0) starting position 
-          -> (Int,Int) -- ^ (rt,ct) dimensions of submatrix
-          -> Matrix a -> Matrix a
-subMatrix st sz m
-    | isReal (baseOf.dat) m = scast $ subMatrixR st sz (scast m)
-    | isComp (baseOf.dat) m = scast $ subMatrixC st sz (scast m)
-    | otherwise             = subMatrixG st sz m
+--subMatrix :: (Field a) 
+--          => (Int,Int) -- ^ (r0,c0) starting position 
+--          -> (Int,Int) -- ^ (rt,ct) dimensions of submatrix
+--          -> Matrix a -> Matrix a
+--subMatrix st sz m
+--    | isReal (baseOf.dat) m = scast $ subMatrixR st sz (scast m)
+--    | isComp (baseOf.dat) m = scast $ subMatrixC st sz (scast m)
+--    | otherwise             = subMatrixG st sz m
 
 subMatrixG (r0,c0) (rt,ct) x = reshape ct $ fromList $ concat $ map (subList c0 ct) (subList r0 rt (toLists x))
     where subList s n = take n . drop s
@@ -281,11 +292,11 @@ diagC = diagAux c_diagC "diagC"
 foreign import ccall "aux.h diagC" c_diagC :: TCVCM
 
 -- | diagonal matrix from a vector
-diag :: (Num a, Field a) => Vector a -> Matrix a
-diag v
-    | isReal (baseOf) v = scast $ diagR (scast v)
-    | isComp (baseOf) v = scast $ diagC (scast v)
-    | otherwise             = diagG v
+--diag :: (Num a, Field a) => Vector a -> Matrix a
+--diag v
+--    | isReal (baseOf) v = scast $ diagR (scast v)
+--    | isComp (baseOf) v = scast $ diagC (scast v)
+--    | otherwise             = diagG v
 
 diagG v = reshape c $ fromList $ [ l!!(i-1) * delta k i | k <- [1..c], i <- [1..c]]
     where c = dim v
@@ -313,13 +324,34 @@ fromColumns :: Field t => [Vector t] -> Matrix t
 fromColumns m = trans . fromRows $ m
 
 -- | Creates a list of vectors from the columns of a matrix
-toColumns :: Field t => Matrix t -> [Vector t]
+toColumns :: Storable t => Matrix t -> [Vector t]
 toColumns m = toRows . trans $ m
 
 
 -- | Reads a matrix position.
-(@@>) :: Field t => Matrix t -> (Int,Int) -> t
+(@@>) :: Storable t => Matrix t -> (Int,Int) -> t
 infixl 9 @@>
 m@M {rows = r, cols = c} @@> (i,j)
     | i<0 || i>=r || j<0 || j>=c = error "matrix indexing out of range"
     | otherwise   = cdat m `at` (i*c+j)
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+constantR :: Double -> Int -> Vector Double
+constantR = constantAux cconstantR
+
+constantC :: Complex Double -> Int -> Vector (Complex Double)
+constantC = constantAux cconstantC
+
+constantAux fun x n = unsafePerformIO $ do
+    v <- createVector n
+    px <- newArray [x]
+    fun px // vec v // check "constantAux" []
+    free px
+    return v
+
+foreign import ccall safe "aux.h constantR"
+    cconstantR :: Ptr Double -> TV -- Double :> IO Int
+
+foreign import ccall safe "aux.h constantC"
+    cconstantC :: Ptr (Complex Double) -> TCV -- Complex Double :> IO Int
diff --git a/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Tensor.hs b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Tensor.hs
index 34132d8..6876685 100644
--- a/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Tensor.hs
+++ b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Tensor.hs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts #-}
+
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- |
 -- Module      :  Data.Packed.Internal.Tensor
@@ -19,6 +21,8 @@ import Foreign.Storable
 import Data.List(sort,elemIndex,nub,foldl1',foldl')
 import GSL.Vector
 import Data.Packed.Matrix
+import Data.Packed.Vector
+import LinearAlgebra.Linear
 
 data IdxType = Covariant | Contravariant deriving (Show,Eq)
 
@@ -171,6 +175,7 @@ compatIdx t1 n1 t2 n2 = compatIdxAux d1 d2 where
         = t1 /= t2 && n1 == n2
 
 
+outer' u v = dat (outer u v)
 
 -- | tensor product without without any contractions
 rawProduct :: (Field t, Num t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t -> Tensor t
@@ -187,7 +192,7 @@ contraction2 t1 n1 t2 n2 =
         m = multiply RowMajor (trans m1) m2
 
 -- | contraction of a tensor along two given indices
-contraction1 :: (Field t, Num t) => Tensor t -> IdxName -> IdxName -> Tensor t
+contraction1 :: (Linear Vector t) => Tensor t -> IdxName -> IdxName -> Tensor t
 contraction1 t name1 name2 =
     if compatIdx t name1 t name2
         then sumT y
@@ -197,7 +202,7 @@ contraction1 t name1 name2 =
           y = map head $ zipWith drop [0..] x
 
 -- | contraction of a tensor along a repeated index
-contraction1c :: (Field t, Num t) => Tensor t -> IdxName -> Tensor t
+contraction1c :: (Linear Vector t) => Tensor t -> IdxName -> Tensor t
 contraction1c t n = contraction1 renamed n' n
     where n' = n++"'" -- hmmm
           renamed = withIdx t auxnames
@@ -205,31 +210,31 @@ contraction1c t n = contraction1 renamed n' n
           (h,_:r) = break (==n) (map idxName (dims t))
 
 -- | alternative and inefficient version of contraction2
-contraction2' :: (Field t, Enum t, Num t) => Tensor t -> IdxName -> Tensor t -> IdxName -> Tensor t
+contraction2' :: (Linear Vector t) => Tensor t -> IdxName -> Tensor t -> IdxName -> Tensor t
 contraction2' t1 n1 t2 n2 =
     if compatIdx t1 n1 t2 n2
         then contraction1 (rawProduct t1 t2) n1 n2
         else error "wrong contraction'"
 
 -- | applies a sequence of contractions
-contractions :: (Field t, Num t) => Tensor t -> [(IdxName, IdxName)] -> Tensor t
+contractions :: (Linear Vector t) => Tensor t -> [(IdxName, IdxName)] -> Tensor t
 contractions t pairs = foldl' contract1b t pairs
     where contract1b t (n1,n2) = contraction1 t n1 n2
 
 -- | applies a sequence of contractions of same index
-contractionsC :: (Field t, Num t) => Tensor t -> [IdxName] -> Tensor t
+contractionsC :: (Linear Vector t) => Tensor t -> [IdxName] -> Tensor t
 contractionsC t is = foldl' contraction1c t is
 
 
 -- | applies a contraction on the first indices of the tensors
-contractionF :: (Field t, Num t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t -> Tensor t
+contractionF :: (Linear Vector t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t -> Tensor t
 contractionF t1 t2 = contraction2 t1 n1 t2 n2
     where n1 = fn t1
           n2 = fn t2
           fn = idxName . head . dims
 
 -- | computes all compatible contractions of the product of two tensors that would arise if the index names were equal
-possibleContractions :: (Num t, Field t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t -> [Tensor t]
+possibleContractions :: (Linear Vector t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t -> [Tensor t]
 possibleContractions t1 t2 = [ contraction2 t1 n1 t2 n2 | n1 <- names t1, n2 <- names t2, compatIdx t1 n1 t2 n2 ]
 
 
@@ -242,7 +247,7 @@ desiredContractions1 t = [ n1 | (a,n1) <- x , (b,n2) <- x, a/=b, n1==n2]
     where x = zip [0..] (names t)
 
 -- | tensor product with the convention that repeated indices are contracted.
-mulT :: (Field t, Num t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t -> Tensor t
+mulT :: (Linear Vector t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t -> Tensor t
 mulT t1 t2 = r where
     t1r = contractionsC t1 (desiredContractions1 t1)
     t2r = contractionsC t2 (desiredContractions1 t2)
@@ -254,10 +259,10 @@ mulT t1 t2 = r where
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
 
 -- | tensor addition (for tensors with the same structure)
-addT :: (Num a, Field a) => Tensor a -> Tensor a -> Tensor a
+addT :: (Linear Vector a) => Tensor a -> Tensor a -> Tensor a
 addT a b = liftTensor2 add a b
 
-sumT :: (Field a, Num a) => [Tensor a] -> Tensor a
+sumT :: (Linear Vector a) => [Tensor a] -> Tensor a
 sumT l = foldl1' addT l
 
 -----------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -281,19 +286,19 @@ signature l | length (nub l) < length l =  0
             | otherwise                 = -1
 
 
-sym :: (Field t, Num t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t
+sym :: (Linear Vector t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t
 sym t = T (dims t) (ten (sym' (withIdx t seqind)))
     where sym' t = sumT $ map (flip tridx t) (perms (names t))
               where nms = map idxName . dims
 
-antisym :: (Field t, Num t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t
+antisym :: (Linear Vector t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t
 antisym t = T (dims t) (ten (antisym' (withIdx t seqind)))
     where antisym' t = sumT $ map (scsig . flip tridx t) (perms (names t))
           scsig t = scalar (signature (nms t)) `rawProduct` t
               where nms = map idxName . dims
 
 -- | the wedge product of two tensors (implemented as the antisymmetrization of the ordinary tensor product).
-wedge :: (Field t, Fractional t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t -> Tensor t
+wedge :: (Linear Vector t, Fractional t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t -> Tensor t
 wedge a b = antisym (rawProduct (norper a) (norper b))
     where norper t = rawProduct t (scalar (recip $ fromIntegral $ fact (rank t)))
 
@@ -313,19 +318,19 @@ seqind :: [String]
 seqind = map show [1..]
 
 -- | completely antisymmetric covariant tensor of dimension n
-leviCivita :: (Field t, Num t) => Int -> Tensor t
+leviCivita :: (Linear Vector t) => Int -> Tensor t
 leviCivita n = antisym $ foldl1 rawProduct $ zipWith withIdx auxbase seqind'
     where auxbase = map tc (toRows (ident n))
           tc = tensorFromVector Covariant
 
 -- | contraction of leviCivita with a list of vectors (and raise with euclidean metric)
-innerLevi :: (Num t, Field t) => [Tensor t] -> Tensor t
+innerLevi :: (Linear Vector t) => [Tensor t] -> Tensor t
 innerLevi vs = raise $ foldl' contractionF (leviCivita n) vs
     where n = idxDim . head . dims . head $ vs
 
 
 -- | obtains the dual of a multivector (with euclidean metric)
-dual :: (Field t, Fractional t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t
+dual :: (Linear Vector t, Fractional t) => Tensor t -> Tensor t
 dual t = raise $ leviCivita n `mulT` withIdx t seqind `rawProduct` x
     where n = idxDim . head . dims $ t
           x = scalar (recip $ fromIntegral $ fact (rank t))
diff --git a/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Vector.hs b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Vector.hs
index ab93577..f2646a4 100644
--- a/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Vector.hs
+++ b/lib/Data/Packed/Internal/Vector.hs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts #-}
+{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts -fallow-undecidable-instances #-}
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -- |
 -- Module      :  Data.Packed.Internal.Vector
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ import Data.Packed.Internal.Common
 import Foreign
 import Complex
 import Control.Monad(when)
+import Data.List(transpose)
+import Debug.Trace(trace)
 
 type Vc t s = Int -> Ptr t -> s
 -- not yet admitted by my haddock version
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ type Vc t s = Int -> Ptr t -> s
 vec :: Vector t -> (Vc t s) -> s
 vec v f = f (dim v) (ptr v)
 
-baseOf v = (v `at` 0)
+--baseOf v = (v `at` 0)
 
 createVector :: Storable a => Int -> IO (Vector a)
 createVector n = do
@@ -78,9 +80,16 @@ subVector' k l (v@V {dim=n, ptr=p, fptr=fp})
     | otherwise = v {dim=l, ptr=advancePtr p k}
 
 
+-- | Reads a vector position.
+(@>) :: Storable t => Vector t -> Int -> t
+infixl 9 @>
+(@>) = at
+
+
+
 
 -- | creates a new Vector by joining a list of Vectors
-join :: Field t => [Vector t] -> Vector t
+join :: Storable t => [Vector t] -> Vector t
 join [] = error "joining zero vectors"
 join as = unsafePerformIO $ do
     let tot = sum (map dim as)
@@ -103,34 +112,11 @@ asComplex :: Vector Double -> Vector (Complex Double)
 asComplex v = V { dim = dim v `div` 2, fptr =  castForeignPtr (fptr v), ptr = castPtr (ptr v) }
 
 
-constantG x n = fromList (replicate n x)
-
-constantR :: Double -> Int -> Vector Double
-constantR = constantAux cconstantR
-
-constantC :: Complex Double -> Int -> Vector (Complex Double)
-constantC = constantAux cconstantC
-
-constantAux fun x n = unsafePerformIO $ do
-    v <- createVector n
-    px <- newArray [x]
-    fun px // vec v // check "constantAux" []
-    free px
-    return v
-
-foreign import ccall safe "aux.h constantR"
-    cconstantR :: Ptr Double -> TV -- Double :> IO Int
-
-foreign import ccall safe "aux.h constantC"
-    cconstantC :: Ptr (Complex Double) -> TCV -- Complex Double :> IO Int
-
-constant :: Field a => a -> Int -> Vector a
-constant x n | isReal id x = scast $ constantR (scast x) n
-             | isComp id x = scast $ constantC (scast x) n
-             | otherwise   = constantG x n
+----------------------------------------------------------------
 
 liftVector :: (Storable a, Storable b) => (a-> b) -> Vector a -> Vector b
 liftVector  f = fromList . map f . toList
 
 liftVector2 :: (Storable a, Storable b, Storable c) => (a-> b -> c) -> Vector a -> Vector b -> Vector c
 liftVector2 f u v = fromList $ zipWith f (toList u) (toList v)
+
diff --git a/lib/Data/Packed/Matrix.hs b/lib/Data/Packed/Matrix.hs
index 2033dc7..2e8cb3d 100644
--- a/lib/Data/Packed/Matrix.hs
+++ b/lib/Data/Packed/Matrix.hs
@@ -134,3 +134,18 @@ asRow v = reshape (dim v) v
 
 asColumn :: Field a => Vector a -> Matrix a
 asColumn v = reshape 1 v
+
+------------------------------------------------
+
+{- | Outer product of two vectors.
+
+@\> 'fromList' [1,2,3] \`outer\` 'fromList' [5,2,3]
+(3><3)
+ [  5.0, 2.0, 3.0
+ , 10.0, 4.0, 6.0
+ , 15.0, 6.0, 9.0 ]@
+-}
+outer :: (Num t, Field t) => Vector t -> Vector t -> Matrix t
+outer u v = multiply RowMajor r c
+    where r = matrixFromVector RowMajor 1 u
+          c = matrixFromVector RowMajor (dim v) v
diff --git a/lib/Data/Packed/Vector.hs b/lib/Data/Packed/Vector.hs
index 27ba6a3..867b77b 100644
--- a/lib/Data/Packed/Vector.hs
+++ b/lib/Data/Packed/Vector.hs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module Data.Packed.Vector (
 
 import Data.Packed.Internal
 import Complex
-import GSL.Vector
+--import GSL.Vector
 
 -- | creates a complex vector from vectors with real and imaginary parts
 toComplex :: (Vector Double, Vector Double) ->  Vector (Complex Double)
@@ -50,7 +50,9 @@ linspace :: Int -> (Double, Double) -> Vector Double
 linspace n (a,b) = fromList [a::Double,a+delta .. b]
     where delta = (b-a)/(fromIntegral n -1)
 
--- | Reads a vector position.
-(@>) :: Field t => Vector t -> Int -> t
-infixl 9 @>
-(@>) = at
+
+dot :: (Field t) => Vector t -> Vector t -> t
+dot u v = dat (multiply RowMajor r c) `at` 0
+    where r = matrixFromVector RowMajor (dim u) u
+          c = matrixFromVector RowMajor 1 v
+